Python in the front, party in the Backline: compiling quantum workloads across CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs

Quantum Physics arXiv:2609.09270 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 8 Sep 2026] Title:Python in the front, party in the Backline: compiling quantum workloads across CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs Authors:Joseph K. L. Lee, Mehrdad Malekmohammadi, Hong-Sheng Zheng, Shuli Shu, Cheick Doumbia, Kalman Szenes, Mehran Zamani Abnili, Thomas Ainsworth, Matthew Seymour, Thomas Germain, Leonhard Neuhaus, Josh Izaac, Lee J. O'Riordan View a PDF of the paper titled Python in the front, party in the Backline: compiling quantum workloads across CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs, by Joseph K. L. Lee and 12 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Moving from quantum research and development to production-grade, fault-tolerant quantum workload execution remains one of the most significant challenges facing quantum platform builders. While Python frameworks have enabled an easy entry point for quantum algorithm design, the low-latency requirements for real-time quantum error correction (QEC) demand performance that traditional interpreted environments cannot provide. FPGAs and ASICs play a central role at these layers, but their specialized programming models make development rigid and time-consuming. CPUs, GPUs, and other accelerators introduce a different challenge: as infrastructure becomes increasingly heterogeneous, programming across different devices and their associated abstractions becomes more complex. Allowing researchers to write workloads in high-level languages that map to low-latency execution across diverse distributed target platforms will enable the development of key infrastructure for utility-scale quantum systems. For this, we introduce $\textit{Backline}$, a heterogeneous compilation and runtime framework built within PennyLane and Catalyst. Backline allows us to design and build quantum-classical workloads for high-performance and low-latency devices, with compilation directly from a Python interface through MLIR. We demonstrate the compilation and execution of several quantum workloads with low-latency data movement across a mix of CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs, for both local and distributed remote hardware targets, all from a vendor-agnostic Python frontend. With an AMD VPK120 FPGA board as the controller, issuing each round from its hardware-handshake engine, we measured median steady-state round-trip latencies over RoCE v2 of $2.305~\mu$s to an AMD Ryzen Threadripper PRO CPU and $4.5~\mu$s to an AMD Instinct MI210 GPU across $10^6-1$ rounds per path, demonstrating microsecond-scale synchronous co-processing. Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC); Programming Languages (cs.PL) Cite as: arXiv:2609.09270 [quant-ph] (or arXiv:2609.09270v1 [quant-ph] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.09270 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Lee James O'Riordan [view email] [v1] Tue, 8 Sep 2026 18:00:00 UTC (544 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Python in the front, party in the Backline: compiling quantum workloads across CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs, by Joseph K. L. Lee and 12 other authorsView PDFHTML (experimental)TeX Source view license Current browse context: quant-ph new | recent | 2026-09 Change to browse by: cs cs.DC cs.PL References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADSGoogle Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Loading... BibTeX formatted citation × loading... Data provided by: Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)