Entanglement Negativity in Noisy Quantum Volume Sampling

Quantum Physics arXiv:2608.13654 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 13 Aug 2026] Title:Entanglement Negativity in Noisy Quantum Volume Sampling Authors:Elijah Pelofske, Stephan Eidenbenz View a PDF of the paper titled Entanglement Negativity in Noisy Quantum Volume Sampling, by Elijah Pelofske and 1 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:The Quantum Volume protocol uses scrambling random circuits to benchmark NISQ computers. Quantum Volume is generally well-regarded as a benchmark for small, noisy, quantum computers because it requires the quantum computer to implement many non-local entangling gates within a square-shaped circuit, which incentivizes high qubit count, long qubit coherence times, and low error rates on all hardware gates. Quantum Volume circuits inherently produce high-entanglement states that are fragile to errors and decoherence.

The Quantum Volume benchmark measures an observable called heavy-output-probability (HOP), where an HOP of $0.5$ corresponds to complete loss of coherence, and in the limit of system size an HOP $\approx 0.84$ for a fully coherent quantum processor. Here, we numerically study the tradeoff between depolarizing noise, entanglement as quantified by the bipartite negativity measure, and HOP in quantum volume circuits. Our results contextualize prior small scale quantum volume demonstrations on quantum computers and highlight that under depolarizing noise, due to finite system size effects heavy output probabilities can be greater than $0.5$ while the bipartite negativity entanglement has been destroyed. This implies, although improbable, that a NISQ computer could pass the Quantum Volume benchmark test threshold of $2/3$ while the underlying quantum computation has no global entanglement -- albeit only for small $n$. Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:2608.13654 [quant-ph] (or arXiv:2608.13654v1 [quant-ph] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.13654 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Elijah Pelofske [view email] [v1] Thu, 13 Aug 2026 18:00:18 UTC (1,050 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Entanglement Negativity in Noisy Quantum Volume Sampling, by Elijah Pelofske and 1 other authorsView PDFHTML (experimental)TeX Source view license Current browse context: quant-ph new | recent | 2026-08 References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADSGoogle Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Loading... BibTeX formatted citation × loading... Data provided by: Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)