Are we getting fault-tolerant quantum computing in 2028 or 2050?

I’m getting a bit confused by the timelines being thrown around at the moment. The US Department of Energy announced its Quantum Genesis programme in June, aiming for a “fault-tolerant, scientifically relevant quantum computing capability” by 2028: https://www.energy.gov/science/articles/energy-department-announces-initiative-create-and-deploy-worlds-first Meanwhile, Japan’s official Moonshot programme has “large-scale integration required for fault-tolerant universal quantum computers” pencilled in for around 2050: https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/moonshot/sub6_en.html Then there’s NIST’s quantum computing explainer, updated in May 2026, which says most applications are still “years, perhaps even decades, in the future”, and that a machine capable of running Shor’s algorithm could need millions of qubits able to operate error-free indefinitely: https://www.nist.gov/quantum-information-science/quantum-computing-explained Obviously they’re probably not all talking about the same thing when they say fault-tolerant quantum computing, but 2028 versus 2050 is still a pretty massive gap. So what actually explains the difference? What would count as a “fault-tolerant, scientifically relevant” machine in 2028, compared with the sort of large-scale fault-tolerant universal quantum computer Japan is aiming for by 2050? Basically, what can the 2028 machine realistically do that still leaves another couple of decades of work before you reach the 2050 version? submitted by /u/Chance-Pen-5684 [link] [comments]