Quantum Computing Market Analysis: Industry Trends & Investment
Quantum computing market news: market size, industry analysis, quantum investment, market forecast. Quantum computing stocks & funding.
The quantum computing market is transitioning from research to commercial reality, with projections ranging from $1 billion (2024) to $125 billion by 2032 depending on fault-tolerant system development.
Market segmentation by offering type includes quantum hardware (30%), quantum software (25%), and quantum services (45%). By application: optimization (35%), simulation (30%), machine learning (20%), and cryptography (15%).
India's Quantum Market Landscape
India's National Quantum Mission represents a ₹6,003.65 crore ($720 million) government investment through 2030-31, making it one of the top 5 government quantum programs globally. The mission aims to capture a significant share of the growing quantum market by developing indigenous capabilities across computing, communication, sensing, and materials.
India's quantum startup ecosystem received government support through NQM and NM-ICPS (National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems). Eight startups selected in November 2024 include: QNu Labs (Bengaluru): Quantum-safe networks and QKD systems; QpiAI India (Bengaluru): Superconducting quantum computer development; Dimira Technologies (IIT Mumbai): Cryogenic cables for quantum computing; Prenishq (IIT Delhi): Precision diode-laser systems; QuPrayog (Pune): Optical atomic clocks; Quanastra (Delhi): Advanced cryogenics and superconducting detectors; Pristine Diamonds (Ahmedabad): Diamond materials for quantum sensing; Quan2D Technologies (Bengaluru): Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors.
Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) partners with IBM on quantum computing with significant investment in quantum algorithm development. The Quantum Valley Tech Park in Andhra Pradesh represents a major public-private quantum computing investment.
quantum-computingBlack Hole Maths Unlocks Secrets of How Energy Flows in Exotic Matter
Scientists have investigated shear mode transport coefficients arising from gravitational perturbations around anti-de Sitter black branes, revealing a surprising connection to multiple polylogarithms. Paolo Arnaudo from the University of Southampton, alongside colleagues, detail an analytical study extending previous work to higher orders and dimensions. Their calculations, performed within a five-dimensional black hole background up to order, characterise the mathematical structure of these transport coefficients and provide a more complete understanding of strongly coupled systems like Super Yang-Mills theory. This research significantly advances the field by offering a robust framework for analysing transport phenomena in these complex gravitational settings. Holographic calculation of shear viscosity in strongly coupled gauge theories Scientists have achieved a significant advance in understanding the behaviour of strongly coupled quantum field theories through detailed analysis of gravitational perturbations. This work presents an analytical study of transport coefficients associated with shear forces around black branes in anti-de Sitter space, revealing a mathematical structure fully described by multiple polylogarithms. Researchers focused on computing these transport coefficients for N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory, extending previous results to order q10 in a five-dimensional black hole background. The study not only refines calculations within this established framework but also generalises the procedure to d + 1 dimensions, characterising the mathematical form of the resulting transport coefficient expressions. This breakthrough builds upon the holographic duality, a concept linking gravity and quantum field theory, to probe the non-equilibrium dynamics of strongly interacting systems. By examining gravitational perturbations around black brane backgrounds, the research decodes the dissipative and hydrodynamic responses of the boundary theory. The solutio
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quantum-computingNew Technique Unlocks Key to Simulating Complex Molecular Behaviour Accurately
Researchers continue to grapple with the long-standing N-representability problem for reduced density matrices, a critical issue within electronic structure theory. Ofelia B. Oña from the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, alongside Gustavo E. Massaccesi and Pablo Capuzzi from the Universidad de Buenos Aires, and et al., present a novel framework for determining ensemble N-representability of p-body matrices. Building upon their previous work utilising adaptive derivative-assembled pseudo-Trotter methods, this study introduces a purification strategy that embeds ensemble states into pure states, enabling assessment via minimisation of the Hilbert-Schmidt distance. This methodology not only allows for the correction of defective density matrices but also offers a pathway for robust state reconstruction, representing a significant advance in density-matrix refinement and validation through numerical simulations on systems ranging from two to four electrons. This breakthrough addresses a critical gap in existing methodologies, which largely focus on pure-state representability while overlooking the importance of ensemble states in diverse applications such as thermal mixtures and open quantum systems. The research introduces a purification strategy, embedding an ensemble state into a pure state defined on an extended Hilbert space, ensuring identical reduced density matrices for both states. By iteratively applying unitaries to an initial purified state, the algorithm minimizes the Hilbert-Schmidt distance between its p-body reduced density matrix and a specified target matrix, effectively gauging the N-representability of the target. This methodology not only assesses whether a given matrix corresponds to a physically valid N-electron state, but also facilitates the correction of defective ensemble reduced density matrices and enables quantum-state reconstruction for density-matrix refinement. The core of the work builds upon a previously established pure-state algorit
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quantum-computingMolecular Chaos Mapped with New Diagrams Reveals Hidden Order in Potassium Cyanide
Scientists have long sought to understand the complex vibrational behaviour of highly nonlinear molecules, and a new study utilising variable parameter correlation diagrams offers significant insight into these systems. H. Párraga, F. J. Arranz, and R. M. Benito, alongside F. Borondo et al., demonstrate the utility of this approach by examining the vibrational spectrum of potassium cyanide (K-CN). Their research reveals how classical structures, specifically Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser tori, manifest as emerging diabatic states within the correlation diagrams, a phenomenon obscured by conventional constant-Planck analyses. This methodology successfully unveils a transition from order to chaos, presenting it as a frontier of scarred functions and providing a novel means of characterising molecular dynamics. This technique reveals hidden classical structures, specifically Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser tori, as emerging diabatic states in the quantum levels correlation diagram, structures that would otherwise remain obscured when using a fixed value for Planck’s constant. The research focuses on the K-CN molecule, a system known for its complex and chaotic dynamics, and demonstrates a pathway to understanding the transition from order to chaos through the identification of a frontier of scarred functions. The work builds upon established correlation diagrams, traditionally used to rationalize molecular rovibrational states based on real-valued parameters like geometrical distances or angles. Instead, researchers artificially varied the Planck constant, ħ, to effectively implement a microscopic lens focusing on classical regular structures embedded within chaotic regions of the molecular phase space. By reducing ħ, quantum states are confined to smaller phase space volumes, allowing for detailed examination of their dynamical characteristics within the regular classical region. This approach provides a unique perspective on the interplay between quantum and classical behaviour in
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quantum-computingQuantum Compilation Speeds up 100x, Bringing Practical Quantum Computers Closer
Researchers are tackling the challenge of efficiently translating complex quantum algorithms into instructions for near-term quantum hardware. Aaron Hoyt from University of Washington and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, alongside Meng Wang and Fei Hua from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, et al., present QASMTrans, a novel end-to-end quantum compilation framework designed for just-in-time deployment. This work is significant because QASMTrans achieves over 100x faster compilation speeds than existing tools like Qiskit on certain circuits, while maintaining comparable fidelity and uniquely offering direct integration with hardware control systems via pulse generation. By bridging the gap between logical circuits and physical implementation, and incorporating noise-aware optimisation and circuit space sharing, QASMTrans facilitates the development and execution of real-time adaptive quantum algorithms on current quantum processing units. Rapid Quantum Circuit Transpilation via Pulse-Level Gate Set Optimisation Scientists have unveiled QASMTrans, a high-performance quantum compiler designed to rapidly translate abstract quantum algorithms into device-specific control instructions. This C++-based framework achieves over 100x faster compilation than existing tools like Qiskit for certain circuits, enabling the transpilation of large, complex circuits in a matter of seconds. QASMTrans distinguishes itself by offering complete, end-to-end device-pulse compilation and direct integration with quantum control systems such as QICK, effectively bridging the gap between logical circuits and the underlying hardware. The research focuses on accelerating the process of transpilation, which converts high-level quantum circuits into a format compatible with the limitations of near-term quantum devices. By employing latency-aware Application-tailored Gate Sets at the pulse level, QASMTrans identifies critical sequences within a circuit and generates optimized pulse schedu
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quantum-computingInfleqtion and NASA to Fly the World’s First Quantum Gravity Sensor to Space
With more than $20 million in contracted mission funding to date, the Quantum Gravity Gradiometer Pathfinder Mission, Led by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, Advances U.S. Leadership in Quantum Space Sensing Infleqtion, a global leader in quantum sensing and quantum computing powered by neutral-atom technology, announced its role as a collaborator on NASA’s Quantum Gravity Gradiometer Pathfinder (QGGPf) mission. Led by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the mission will fly the first quantum sensor capable of measuring the Earth’s gravitational field and its gradients; signals that are used today to monitor mass dynamics on the planet’s surface. The quantum instrument will be aboard a dedicated satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO). This program follows Infleqtion’s announcement to go public through a merger with Churchill Capital Corp X (NASDAQ: CCCX). The QGGPf mission is designed to demonstrate quantum sensor technologies that could transform how Earth’s gravity is measured from space. The quantum sensor is designed to monitor mass dynamics across the planet’s surface, including changes in water, ice and land, while operating in microgravity, which enables longer interaction times and correspondingly improved measurement sensitivities. As a technology pathfinder, the mission will help inform the design of future science-grade instruments, representing a major step forward in U.S. leadership in space-based quantum sensing and strategic intelligence. This project showcases what is possible when NASA and U.S. industry collaborate to push the boundaries of frontier science and technology. QGGPf builds on NASA’s long legacy of space-based gravity mapping and applies Infleqtion’s quantum engineering capabilities to enable a new class of measurement techniques designed specifically for the microgravity environment of space. A Quantum Leap in Geospatial Precision and Strategic Sensing With more than $20 million in contracted mission funding to d
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quantum-computingDST Task Force Report: India Prepares for Post-Quantum Security by 2028
India is preparing to defend its digital infrastructure against the looming threat of quantum computing, with a national task force outlining a roadmap to achieve post-quantum security by 2028. The February 2026 report, “Implementation of Quantum Safe Ecosystem in India,” details a phased approach, beginning with pilot programs in critical sectors like banking and finance. Recognizing the risk of “Harvest Now, Decrypt Later” (HNDL) attacks, the Task Force emphasizes proactive measures, stating that all cryptographic transition planning shall proceed under an “assume breach” principle. This ambitious plan includes establishing a National PQC Testing & Certification Program by December 2026 and mandating the adoption of quantum-safe products in government procurement, signaling a significant investment in future-proof cybersecurity. Quantum Computing Threat & India’s National Quantum Mission This isn’t a distant concern; the report outlines phased actions, beginning with pilots in high-priority systems like banking and finance, to be implemented by 2028, with Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) targeted by 2027. Procurement requirements will prioritize “crypto-agile and PQC-compliant assets,” including a detailed “Bill of Materials (BOM)” encompassing software, hardware, and cryptographic configurations. Furthermore, the report emphasizes the need to “promote the adoption of existing indigenous quantum-safe solutions” developed by Indian R&D labs, industries, and startups, while simultaneously initiating new product development where gaps exist. This strategic roadmap positions India alongside nations formally defining PQC migration timelines, aiming for a secure and resilient digital future. Report of the Task Force: Sub-Group Summaries The current landscape of cryptographic security is bracing for a paradigm shift, driven by the rapidly approaching threat of quantum computing. Short-term actions, targeted for completion by 2028 – and 2027 for Criti
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quantum-computingNu Quantum Opens Trapped-Ion Networking Laboratory in Cambridge
Nu Quantum Opens Trapped-Ion Networking Laboratory in Cambridge Nu Quantum has announced the opening of a new trapped-ion networking laboratory in Cambridge, UK, marking the first dedicated industrial R&D facility for distributed trapped-ion quantum computing in Europe. The state-of-the-art facility doubles the company’s existing research infrastructure and serves as the primary testbed for its Entanglement Fabric roadmap. The lab is designed to prove the company’s Qubit-Photon Interface (QPI) technology with trapped-ion qubits, transitioning from theoretical modeling to in-house experimental validation of modular, multi-node quantum architectures. The technical core of the new facility is the advancement of Nu Quantum’s QPI, which utilizes optical microcavity technology to enhance the interaction between stationary qubits and flying photons. These interfaces employ nanostructured mirrors with active stabilization—achieving cavity length control with a precision of <5 picometres—to ensure resonance with specific qubit wavelengths. By integrating these microcavities into custom-built ion traps, the system facilitates high-rate, high-fidelity entanglement links between discrete quantum processing units (QPUs). This hardware-agnostic approach is designed to interconnect clusters of commercial processors into a distributed fabric, aiming to exceed current state-of-the-art remote entanglement rates and fidelities. The expansion follows Nu Quantum’s $60 million Series A funding round, the largest for a pure-play quantum networking company globally. The investment supports a growth phase focused on recruiting specialist Atomic, Molecular, and Optical (AMO) physics talent and expanding international operations. The laboratory integrates a specialized laser suite with wavelength stabilization developed in partnership with the National Quantum Computing Centre (NQCC). Collaborative efforts also involve the University of Sussex, Cisco, and Infineon Technologies, the lat
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quantum-computingComplex Chemical Calculations Made 25% Cheaper with New Quantum Technique
Researchers are continually seeking methods to reduce the computational cost of accurately modelling electronic structure, particularly for strongly correlated systems. Prateek Vaish and Brenda M. Rubenstein, both from the Department of Chemistry at Brown University, alongside Vaish et al., present a novel active space partitioning approach to significantly reduce the expense of Unitary Coupled Cluster (UCC) theory. Their work addresses the limitations imposed by the steep scaling of UCC’s Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff expansion by combining a truncated UCCSD(4) method within a selected active space with MP2 treatment of external excitations. This innovation offers a tractable pathway for modelling correlated molecules and reactions on current classical computers, and importantly, provides a viable strategy for scaling UCC calculations to meet the demands of resource-constrained hardware. This work introduces an active space UCCSD(4)/MP2 method, effectively partitioning the complex calculations to make them tractable for both classical computers and emerging quantum hardware. The research centres on a fourth-order truncation of UCCSD within a selected active space, complemented by treatment of external excitations at the MP2 level, offering a pathway to scale UCC calculations for resource-constrained systems. Two distinct formulations were explored: a composite method summing internal and external contributions, and an interacting method coupling amplitudes for enhanced accuracy. Testing encompassed the GW100 dataset, a metaphosphate hydrolysis reaction, and the strongly correlated torsion of ethylene, revealing key insights into the performance of each formulation. Results demonstrate that the interacting method, utilising canonical orbitals, maintains robustness and accurately reproduces full UCCSD(4) potential energy curves while employing only 15, 25% of the virtual orbitals within its active space. In contrast, the composite formulation proved more sensitive to both
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quantum-computingQuantum Uncertainty Principle Sharpened with New Geometric Optimisation Technique
Researchers have long sought to define the limits of simultaneous knowledge about complementary observables, a pursuit central to the field of quantum mechanics. Ma-Cheng Yang and Cong-Feng Qiao, both from the School of Physical Sciences at the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, alongside their colleagues, now present a novel geometric approach to calculating tight entropic uncertainty relations, a longstanding problem with solutions previously limited to specific scenarios. By reformulating the challenge as a geometric optimisation within probability space, they have developed an effective method for determining these bounds with pre-defined precision in finite-dimensional systems. This advancement, inspired by earlier work from Schwonnek et al., significantly improves upon existing analytical and majorisation-based techniques and offers practical benefits for applications such as quantum steering. Determining these relations for general measurements has long presented a significant challenge, with tight bounds previously known only in limited, specific cases. This work addresses this limitation by reformulating the problem as a geometric optimization task within the quantum probability space. The resulting approach yields tight entropic uncertainty bounds for general measurements in finite-dimensional quantum systems, achieving a preassigned level of numerical precision. Motivated by earlier work from Schwonnek et al., the team recast the calculation of uncertainty bounds as an efficient outer-approximation method. This procedure circumvents the typical difficulties associated with global optimization problems, which often involve navigating numerous local minima. By focusing on an effective outer approximation, the research guarantees that each iterative step produces a valid lower bound, ensuring a robust and reliable solution. The innovation lies in its ability to move beyond existing analytical and majorization-based bounds, offering a practical advant
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quantum-computingEurope Quantum Cryptography Market Size, Share & Trends, 2034 - Market Data Forecast
Europe Quantum Cryptography Market Size, Share & Trends, 2034 Market Data Forecast
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quantum-computingArtificial Black Holes Emit Radiation, Mimicking Hawking’s Groundbreaking Prediction
Researchers are increasingly exploring condensed matter systems to simulate and understand phenomena associated with black holes, and a new study by Jaiswal, Shankaranarayanan, and colleagues from the Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, details the emergence and detection of Hawking radiation within a quenched chiral spin chain. This work is significant because it moves beyond simply demonstrating analogous black hole conditions to analysing the characteristics of the emitted radiation and proposing methods for its unambiguous detection. By employing both field-theoretic calculations and modelling operational quantum sensors, the team reveal deviations from ideal blackbody spectra and establish a clear protocol for differentiating genuine analog Hawking radiation from background noise in experimental platforms. Analogue Hawking radiation emerges from a chirally-driven spin chain quantum simulator through collective excitations of magnons and triplons Researchers have demonstrated the emergence and detection of Hawking radiation within a one-dimensional chiral spin chain, offering a novel platform for investigating quantum gravity phenomena. This work simulates gravitational collapse using a sudden quantum quench, inducing a phase transition that mimics the formation of a black hole horizon. By mapping the spin chain dynamics onto a Dirac fermion in a curved spacetime, the study meticulously analyzes the resulting radiation spectrum and its detectability through two distinct approaches: field-theoretic modes and operational quantum sensors. Initial findings reveal that the observed radiation spectrum deviates from the ideal Planckian form, exhibiting frequency-dependent characteristics analogous to greybody factors, yet maintains robust Poissonian statistics indicative of information loss at the formation scale. To further probe this analogue Hawking radiation, a qubit was introduced as a stationary Unruh-DeWitt detector, coupled to the chir
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quantum-computingThis Is the AI and Quantum Computing Stock Billionaires Want to Own (and It's Not Nvidia)
For much of the last three decades, investors have had a game-changing technology or hyped trend to capture their attention and capital. Some of these popular trends include the advent and proliferation of the internet, genome decoding, nanotechnology, 3D printing, blockchain technology, cannabis, and the metaverse. But on rare occasions, two growth-altering trends have coexisted. Right now, investors are privy to the evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) and the rise of quantum computing. Both technologies offer tantalizing addressable opportunities. Analysts at PwC foresee AI adding over $15 trillion to the global economy by 2030. Meanwhile, Boston Consulting Group believes specialized quantum computers can create between $450 billion and $850 billion in worldwide economic value come 2040. These are high-ceiling figures that can yield a laundry list of winners. Image source: Getty Images. While Wall Street's largest publicly traded company, Nvidia (NVDA +2.50%), is a logical choice to continue leading the AI revolution and spur advancements in quantum computing, there's another trillion-dollar stock that billionaire money managers would rather own. Nvidia has set the stage, but may be priced for perfection Nvidia's claim to fame is, undoubtedly, its AI hardware. The company's several generations of graphics processing units (GPUs) account for an overwhelming share of the GPUs currently deployed in enterprise data centers. While nothing is guaranteed in the tech space, Nvidia's spot atop the GPU pedestal appears safe for the foreseeable future. No external competitors have been able to rival the compute capabilities of Hopper (H100), Blackwell, or Blackwell Ultra. When coupled with persistent AI-GPU scarcity, it's easy to see why Nvidia has been able to charge a substantial premium for its hardware. Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang is also making life challenging for its rivals. Huang is overseeing the introduction of an advanced chip annually, with the Vera Rubin GPU s
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quantum-computingQuantum States Verified with Minimal Disturbance, Paving the Way for Reusable Data
Researchers are increasingly focused on extracting information from quantum systems without destroying the underlying state, a challenge with implications for quantum technologies and privacy-preserving machine learning. Cristina Butucea from CREST, ENSAE, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Jan Johannes from Heidelberg University, and Henning Stein from CREST, ENSAE, Institut Polytechnique de Paris and Heidelberg University present a new analysis of locally-gentle state certification, investigating the limits of non-destructive measurements. Their work establishes a fundamental trade-off between information gain and state disturbance, deriving the minimax sample complexity required to distinguish between a quantum state and a distant alternative under constraints that limit state perturbation. Significantly, they demonstrate that the penalty for employing gentle measurements scales favourably with Hilbert-space dimension, offering a pathway towards efficient high-dimensional quantum estimation and revealing connections to privacy mechanisms in learning. Minimax sample complexity for locally-gentle quantum state certification Scientists have established a fundamental limit for quantum state certification when measurements must not disturb the quantum state being observed. This work addresses a critical challenge in quantum information processing: extracting information without destroying the delicate quantum properties of a system. Researchers have derived the minimax sample complexity, quantifying the trade-off between information gained and disturbance caused by gentle measurements. Specifically, the study demonstrates that a total of n = Θ( d3 ε2α2 ) samples are required for accurate state certification, where ‘d’ represents the Hilbert-space dimension, ‘ε’ denotes the error tolerance, and ‘α’ is the gentleness parameter. The research centres on locally-gentle state certification, a process where algorithms are constrained to perturb the quantum state by at most a t
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quantum-computingInvestors pour billions into Europe’s AI and defence start-ups
Tech start-upsAdd to myFTGet instant alerts for this topicManage your delivery channels hereRemove from myFTInvestors pour billions into Europe’s AI and defence start-upsSoaring valuations as venture capital flows to groups tied to continent’s security and economic sovereignty© FT montage/DreamstimeInvestors pour billions into Europe’s AI and defence start-ups on x (opens in a new window)Investors pour billions into Europe’s AI and defence start-ups on facebook (opens in a new window)Investors pour billions into Europe’s AI and defence start-ups on linkedin (opens in a new window)Investors pour billions into Europe’s AI and defence start-ups on whatsapp (opens in a new window) Save Investors pour billions into Europe’s AI and defence start-ups on x (opens in a new window)Investors pour billions into Europe’s AI and defence start-ups on facebook (opens in a new window)Investors pour billions into Europe’s AI and defence start-ups on linkedin (opens in a new window)Investors pour billions into Europe’s AI and defence start-ups on whatsapp (opens in a new window) Save Ivan Levingston and Sylvia Pfeifer in London, and George Hammond in San FranciscoPublishedFebruary 10 2026Jump to comments sectionPrint this pageUnlock the Editor’s Digest for freeRoula Khalaf, Editor of the FT, selects her favourite stories in this weekly newsletter.Investors are pouring billions of euros into European AI and defence tech start-ups, backing companies seen as critical to Europe’s economic competitiveness and security.Total European venture capital investment rose 5 per cent to €66bn in 2025, a post-pandemic high, according to PitchBook. Those gains were driven by big deals for the continent’s top AI and defence companies.Several companies in those sectors are in talks to raise fresh funding at sharply higher valuations, according to people familiar with the discussions.Some content could not load. Check your internet connection or browser settings.This includes Swedish legal AI start-up L
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quantum-computingBeyond Wigner: Non-Invertible Symmetries Preserve Probabilities
--> Quantum Physics arXiv:2602.07110 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 6 Feb 2026] Title:Beyond Wigner: Non-Invertible Symmetries Preserve Probabilities Authors:Thomas Bartsch, Yuhan Gai, Sakura Schafer-Nameki View a PDF of the paper titled Beyond Wigner: Non-Invertible Symmetries Preserve Probabilities, by Thomas Bartsch and 2 other authors View PDF Abstract:In recent years, the traditional notion of symmetry in quantum theory was expanded to so-called generalised or categorical symmetries, which, unlike ordinary group symmetries, may be non-invertible. This appears to be at odds with Wigner's theorem, which requires quantum symmetries to be implemented by (anti)unitary -- and hence invertible -- operators in order to preserve probabilities. We resolve this puzzle for (higher) fusion category symmetries $\mathcal{C}$ by proposing that, instead of acting by unitary operators on a fixed Hilbert space, symmetry defects in $\mathcal{C}$ act as isometries between distinct Hilbert spaces constructed from twisted sectors. As a result, we find that non-invertible symmetries naturally act as trace-preserving quantum channels. Crucially, our construction relies on the symmetry category $\mathcal{C}$ being unitary. We illustrate our proposal through several examples that include Tambara-Yamagami, Fibonacci, and Yang-Lee as well as higher categorical symmetries. Comments: Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Quantum Algebra (math.QA) Cite as: arXiv:2602.07110 [quant-ph] (or arXiv:2602.07110v1 [quant-ph] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.07110 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Sakura Schafer-Nameki [view email] [v1] Fri, 6 Feb 2026 19:00:00 UTC (488 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Beyond Wigner: Non-Invertible Symmetries Pre
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quantum-computingEncoding Matters: Benchmarking Binary and D-ary Representations for Quantum Combinatorial Optimization
--> Quantum Physics arXiv:2602.07357 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 7 Feb 2026] Title:Encoding Matters: Benchmarking Binary and D-ary Representations for Quantum Combinatorial Optimization Authors:Shashank Sanjay Bhat, Peiyong Wang, Joseph West, Udaya Parampalli View a PDF of the paper titled Encoding Matters: Benchmarking Binary and D-ary Representations for Quantum Combinatorial Optimization, by Shashank Sanjay Bhat and 2 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Combinatorial optimization problems are typically formulated using Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO), where constraints are enforced through penalty terms that introduce auxiliary variables and rapidly increase Hamiltonian complexity, limiting scalability on near term quantum devices. In this work, we systematically study Quadratic Unconstrained D-ary Optimization (QUDO) as an alternative formulation in which decision variables are encoded directly in higher dimensional Hilbert spaces. We demonstrate that QUDO naturally captures structural constraints across a range of problem classes, including the Traveling Salesman Problem, two variants of the Vehicle Routing Problem, graph coloring, job scheduling, and Max-K-Cut, without the need for extensive penalty constructions. Using a qudit-level implementation of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (qudit QAOA), we benchmark these formulations against their binary QUBO counterparts and exact classical solutions. Our study show consistently improved approximation ratios and substantially reduced computational overhead at comparable circuit depths, highlighting QUDO as a scalable and expressive representation for quantum combinatorial optimization. Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:2602.07357 [quant-ph] (or arXiv:2602.07357v1 [quant-ph] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.07357 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Shashank
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quantum-computingHybrid Light-Matter Particles Unlock Potential for Terahertz Quantum Technology
Scientists have predicted the emergence of ferron-polaritons, novel quasiparticles formed by the interaction of ferroelectric excitations and light, within superconductor/ferroelectric/superconductor heterostructures. M. Nursagatov, Xiyin Ye, and G. A. Bobkov, alongside Tao Yu and I. V. Bobkova, demonstrate that this coupling not only provides direct evidence for the existence of ferrons but also achieves an ultrastrong-coupling regime with a terahertz-range spectral gap. This gap is significantly larger than observed in magnetic systems, highlighting the potent nature of electric dipole interactions. Their work establishes these heterostructures as a promising new platform for investigating extreme light-matter coupling and potentially enabling the development of rapid, terahertz-frequency quantum technologies based on ferroelectric materials. Ultrastrong coupling between ferroelectric ferrons and superconducting photons Scientists have predicted the formation of ferron-polaritons within superconductor/ferroelectric/superconductor heterostructures, representing a novel hybrid quasiparticle arising from the interaction between collective ferroelectric excitations, termed ferrons, and Swihart photons. This coupling provides direct evidence for the existence of ferrons and reaches the ultrastrong-coupling regime, characterised by a spectral gap in the terahertz range, significantly exceeding that of magnetic counterparts due to the inherent strength of electric dipole interactions. The research establishes these heterostructures as a promising platform for investigating extreme light-matter coupling and developing high-speed, terahertz-frequency quantum technologies based on ferroelectric materials. This work demonstrates that the ferron mode, polarized normal to the film interfaces within the heterostructure, couples to the Swihart photon mode of the superconducting resonator, ultimately forming ferron-polaritons. This interaction, a direct consequence of the ferroel
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quantum-computingFlynn Zito Dumps 100,000 D-Wave Quantum Shares Worth $2.9 Million
Specializing in quantum computing hardware and cloud services, D-Wave Quantum serves enterprise clients across diverse industries.On February 5, 2026, Flynn Zito Capital Management disclosed in an SEC filing that it sold 100,000 shares of D-Wave Quantum (QBTS +2.37%).What happenedAccording to a SEC filing dated February 5, 2026, Flynn Zito Capital Management reduced its stake by 100,000 shares in D-Wave Quantum during the fourth quarter of 2025. The estimated value of shares sold, calculated using the average closing price for the quarter, was $2.91 million. The fund’s position value in D-Wave Quantum declined by $2.41 million over the quarter, a figure that includes both trading and price movements.What else to knowThis was a sell, leaving the D-Wave Quantum position at 0.37% of the fund’s 13F AUM after the transaction.Top five holdings after the filing:NYSEMKT: HFXI: $20,609,453 (7.4% of AUM)NYSEMKT: PRF: $20,383,474 (7.3% of AUM)NASDAQ: AAPL: $20,002,736 (7.1% of AUM)NYSEMKT: IWF: $18,790,446 (6.7% of AUM)NYSEMKT: FLQM: $17,814,776 (6.4% of AUM)As of February 5, 2026, shares of D-Wave Quantum were priced at $17.21, up 174.9% over the past year with one-year alpha of 162.76 percentage points versus the S&P 500.Company overviewMetricValuePrice (as of market close February 5, 2026)$17.21Market capitalization$6.31 billionRevenue (TTM)$24,144,000Net income (TTM)($398,813,000)Company snapshotProvides quantum computing systems, cloud-based quantum access, professional onboarding services, and open-source software tools.Generates revenue through hardware sales, cloud subscriptions, and enterprise quantum consulting and deployment services.Targets manufacturing, logistics, financial services, life sciences, and other sectors seeking advanced computational solutions.D-Wave Quantum is a technology company specializing in the development and commercialization of quantum computing hardware, software, and cloud-based services. The company leverages its proprietary quantum
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quantum-computingReliance Global Group to Acquire Majority Stake in Post-Quantum Cybersecurity Firm Enquantum for $2.125M
Reliance Global Group is making a $2.125 million bet on the future of cybersecurity, announcing today, February 9, 2026, a definitive agreement to acquire a controlling interest in post-quantum cryptography firm Enquantum Ltd. This move comes as the threat from quantum computing intensifies scrutiny of current encryption methods, potentially compromising vital digital infrastructure. Reliance will gain 51% ownership of Enquantum through its EZRA International Group subsidiary, payable in tranches over 10 months, with an initial 8% stake expected within 30 days. “The transition to post-quantum security is shifting from theoretical planning to near-term deployment decisions,” highlighting the urgency driving this strategic acquisition as part of Reliance’s Scale51 strategy. Reliance to Acquire 51% Controlling Interest in Enquantum Ltd. The acquisition, executed through Reliance’s EZRA International Group, signals a strategic move into a rapidly evolving cybersecurity landscape increasingly threatened by the advent of quantum computing. Reliance anticipates completing the transaction within 30 days, following a due diligence review that “reinforced our belief in this acquisition.” This isn’t simply an investment; it’s a calculated step within Reliance’s recently launched Scale51 operating and acquisition strategy. The urgency driving this deal stems from the escalating threat quantum computers pose to current encryption standards. Existing methods, foundational to modern digital infrastructure, are vulnerable to attacks from sufficiently powerful quantum machines. This transition from theoretical concern to imminent risk is pushing governments and businesses to prioritize post-quantum security solutions. Reliance identifies key sectors – financial services, cloud infrastructure, communications networks, and public-sector systems like insurtech – as particularly vulnerable and demanding immediate attention. The total purchase price for the 51% fully diluted ownership is
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quantum-computingHundreds of Miniature Light Traps Built for Future Quantum Technologies
Researchers are pushing the boundaries of light-matter interaction by developing scalable cavity array microscopes, and a new study details significant advances in this technology. Anna Soper, Danial Shadmany, and Adam L. Shaw, from Stanford University, alongside Lukas Palm, David I. Schuster, and Jonathan Simon, et al., demonstrate a 600-site cavity array microscope with improved stability, degeneracy, and potential for further scaling. This work represents a crucial step forward because it addresses key technical challenges, such as optical aberrations and field of view limitations, that previously hindered the creation of large, uniform cavity arrays suitable for interfacing with individual atoms. By identifying sensitivities and establishing control techniques, the team outlines a clear pathway towards systems containing tens of thousands of cavities, promising applications in parallel quantum operations, rapid readout of quantum systems, and the exploration of complex atom-photon interactions. High finesse two-dimensional cavity arrays for enhanced light-atom interaction Scientists have developed a cavity array microscope achieving over 600 individually controlled optical cavities, representing a significant advance in the field of light-matter interactions. This next-generation architecture builds upon previous work, overcoming limitations in scalability and performance to create a platform for exploring many-cavity quantum electrodynamics. The research demonstrates an average cavity finesse of 114(17) across 603 cavities, a substantial improvement over earlier designs, and achieves an array-averaged single atom peak cooperativity exceeding 10. A key innovation lies in the system’s ability to engineer a two-dimensional array of tightly spaced cavity modes with wavelength-scale waists, ideally suited for interfacing with large atomic arrays. The study meticulously examines imperfections within the system, including optical aberrations, field of view constraints
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