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The three kinds of three-qubit entanglement

Szil\'ard Szalay
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⚡ Quantum Brief
Szilárd Szalay introduces a groundbreaking polynomial measure for W-class entanglement in pure three-qubit systems, filling a critical gap in quantum entanglement theory alongside existing GHZ and bipartite concurrence measures. The study establishes a hierarchical relationship among entanglement types: bipartite measures exceed W-class measures, which in turn surpass GHZ-class measures, creating a clear quantitative ordering for three-qubit states. This ordering mirrors the three known equivalence classes of three-qubit entanglement, with bipartite entanglement identified as the weakest and GHZ as the strongest form. The new W-class measure operates alongside the three-tangle (GHZ measure) and bipartite concurrence, providing a complete polynomial toolkit for characterizing all pure three-qubit entanglement types. Published November 2025, the work advances fundamental quantum information theory by quantifying previously unmeasurable W-class entanglement, enabling more precise classification of multi-qubit quantum states.
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Quantum Physics arXiv:2511.07617 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 10 Nov 2025] Title:The three kinds of three-qubit entanglement Authors:Szilárd Szalay View a PDF of the paper titled The three kinds of three-qubit entanglement, by Szil\'ard Szalay View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:We construct an important missing piece in the entanglement theory of pure three-qubit states, which is a polynomial measure of W entanglement, working in parallel to the three-tangle, which is a polynomial measure of GHZ entanglement, and to the bipartite concurrence, which is a polynomial measure of bipartite entanglement. We also show that these entanglement measures are ordered, the bipartite measure is larger than the W measure, which is larger than the GHZ measure. It is meaningful then to consider these three types of three-qubit entanglement, which are also ordered, bipartite is weaker than W, which is weaker than GHZ, in parallel to the order of the three equivalence classes of entangled three-qubit states. Comments: Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:2511.07617 [quant-ph] (or arXiv:2511.07617v1 [quant-ph] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2511.07617 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Szilárd Szalay [view email] [v1] Mon, 10 Nov 2025 20:39:15 UTC (209 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled The three kinds of three-qubit entanglement, by Szil\'ard SzalayView PDFHTML (experimental)TeX Source view license Current browse context: quant-ph new | recent | 2025-11 References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADSGoogle Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Loading... BibTeX formatted citation × loading... Data provided by: Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) Links to Code Toggle Papers with Code (What is Papers with Code?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)

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