Sample Complexity for Embedded Multipartite Entanglement Witness via Pauli and Clifford Classical Shadows

Quantum Physics arXiv:2601.00859 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 30 Dec 2025] Title:Sample Complexity for Embedded Multipartite Entanglement Witness via Pauli and Clifford Classical Shadows Authors:Ziran Zhang View a PDF of the paper titled Sample Complexity for Embedded Multipartite Entanglement Witness via Pauli and Clifford Classical Shadows, by Ziran Zhang View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Detecting multipartite entanglement in many qubit systems is measurement-intensive, motivating protocols that estimate only selected observables with provable efficiency. In this work we use the classical shadow protocol to study the sample complexity required to estimate a family of subsystem $n$-partite entanglement witness embedded in an larger $N$-qubit system. We derive ensemble dependent variance bounds that lead to qualitatively distinct scaling for the snapshots cost at fixed additive error $\epsilon$ with numerical simulations confirm these trends, exhibiting a clear crossover from Pauli favorable performance for local witness to Clifford favorable performance as the witness becomes more global. Comments: Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:2601.00859 [quant-ph] (or arXiv:2601.00859v1 [quant-ph] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2601.00859 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Ziran Zhang [view email] [v1] Tue, 30 Dec 2025 06:27:37 UTC (960 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Sample Complexity for Embedded Multipartite Entanglement Witness via Pauli and Clifford Classical Shadows, by Ziran ZhangView PDFHTML (experimental)TeX Source view license Current browse context: quant-ph new | recent | 2026-01 References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADSGoogle Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Loading... BibTeX formatted citation × loading... Data provided by: Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) Links to Code Toggle Papers with Code (What is Papers with Code?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)