High-fidelity entanglement and coherent multi-qubit mapping in an atom array

Nature Physics (2026) Cite this article Neutral atoms in optical tweezer arrays possess broad applicability for quantum technologies, such as computing, analogue simulation and metrology. The atomic species ytterbium-171 is able to host multiple types of qubits, making it a strong candidate for bridging various applications of tweezer arrays. Realizing this potential requires high-fidelity generation and transfer of many-body entanglement between these distinct qubit degrees of freedom. Here we demonstrate the creation and coherent mapping of entangled quantum states across multiple qubits in ytterbium-171 tweezer arrays. We map entangled states onto the optical clock qubit from the nuclear spin qubit or the Rydberg qubit. We coherently transfer Z2-ordered Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states of up to 20 atoms from the interacting Rydberg manifold to the metastable nuclear spin manifold. Furthermore, we find that clock-qubit-based spin detection, when applied to Rydberg and nuclear spin qubits, facilitates atom-loss-detectable qubit measurements and Rydberg decay detection. This enables delayed-erasure detection, yielding an error-detected two-qubit gate fidelity of 99.78(4)% in metastable qubits. These results establish a versatile architecture that advances multiple fields of quantum information science while also establishing bridges between them.This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription $32.99 / 30 days cancel any timeSubscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $259.00 per yearonly $21.58 per issueBuy this articleUSD 39.95Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkoutThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper.Kjaergaard, M. et al. Superconducting qubits: current state of play. Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 11, 369–395 (2020).Article ADS Google Scholar Bruzewicz, C. D., Chiaverini, J., McConnell, R. & Sage, J. M. Trapped-ion quantum computing: progress and challenges. Appl. Phys. Rev. 6, 021314 (2019).Article ADS Google Scholar Henriet, L. et al. Quantum computing with neutral atoms. Quantum 4, 327 (2020).Article Google Scholar Google Quantum AI and Collaborators Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold. Nature 638, 920-926 (2024).Bluvstein, D. et al. Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays. Nature 626, 58–65 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Georgescu, I. M., Ashhab, S. & Nori, F. Quantum simulation. Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 153–185 (2014).Article ADS Google Scholar Daley, A. J. et al. Practical quantum advantage in quantum simulation. Nature 607, 667–676 (2022).Article ADS Google Scholar Ludlow, A. D., Boyd, M. M., Ye, J., Peik, E. & Schmidt, P. O. Optical atomic clocks. Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 637–701 (2015).Article ADS Google Scholar Pezze, L., Smerzi, A., Oberthaler, M. K., Schmied, R. & Treutlein, P. Quantum metrology with nonclassical states of atomic ensembles. Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 035005 (2018).Article ADS MathSciNet Google Scholar Bluvstein, D. et al. A quantum processor based on coherent transport of entangled atom arrays. Nature 604, 451–456 (2022).Article ADS Google Scholar Lamata, L., Parra-Rodriguez, A., Sanz, M. & Solano, E. Digital-analog quantum simulations with superconducting circuits. Adv. Phys.: X 3, 1457981 (2018).

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These results are based upon work supported by the Office of Naval Research (N00014-23-1-2533), Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-23-1-0097), Army Research Office/LPS (W911NF24S0004), US Department of Energy, Office of Science, National Quantum Information Science Research Centers, Quantum Systems Accelerator, NSF Convergence Accelerator, NSF QLCI Award OMA 2016244, Physics Frontier Center PHY-2317149, Heising–Simons Foundation (2024-4848), National Institute of Standards and Technology, ERC Starting Grant QARA (grant no. 101041435), Horizon Europe programme HORIZON-CL4-2022-QUANTUM02-SGA via project 101113690 (PASQuanS2.1) and Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (grant no. DOI 10.55776/COE1).JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USAAruku Senoo, Alexander Baumgärtner, Joanna W. Lis, Gaurav M. Vaidya & Adam M. KaufmanInstitute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaZhongda Zeng, Giuliano Giudici & Hannes PichlerInstitute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, AustriaZhongda Zeng, Giuliano Giudici & Hannes PichlerSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarA.S., A.B., J.W.L., G.M.V. and A.M.K. contributed to the experimental setup, performed the measurements and analysed the data. Z.Z., G.G. and H.P. theoretically developed the disorder-robust pulses and the GHZ-state coherence measurement method with global control. A.M.K. and H.P. supervised the work. All authors contributed to the writing of the paper.Correspondence to Adam M. Kaufman.The authors declare no competing interests.Nature Physics thanks Alex Burgers and Ravikumar Chinnarasu for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.a, Beam and magnetic field geometry relative to the atom array. B1 is used during initial optical pumping and Raman cooling, followed by B2 for the qubit manipulations. The X-rotation beams for both the ground and metastable states propagate perpendicular to B1. The Rydberg and clock beams are aligned parallel to the magnetic field and use circular polarization to drive the σ+ transition. The ionization beam is co-aligned with the UV beam. b, Atomic structure of 171Yb showing the transitions relevant to the experiment. The 1P1 transition is used for fast destructive imaging, while 3P1 serves as both the non-destructive imaging transition and the intermediate state for Raman transitions. The metastable state is coupled to the Rydberg state via a single-photon transition. The ionization beam is resonant with an inner-shell transition. c, Polarizability of excited states compared to the ground state 1S0. At the operational tweezer wavelength 767 nm, the 3P0 state is nearly magic, and the 1P1 state used for destructive imaging remains trapped. For 1P1, only the scalar polarizability is considered due to scattering from both magnetic sublevels. d, Enhanced loading and rearrangement. We use single-atom loading at an efficiency of ~ 90% followed by rearrangement to prepare defect-free arrays, as illustrated in the top graphic. The data show the full-array success rate as a function of target array size. e, State preparation sequence to the metastable state. After preparing the radial motional ground state via Raman sideband cooling, we flip the spin in the ground-state manifold using a π-pulse. Motional-state-preserving pulses (MPPs) are used to coherently excite the atoms to the 3P0 state without adding motional excitation [28]. f, Measurement of atomic temperature. Inset: sideband spectroscopy indicating n \(\bar{n}\) = 0.05. Main panel: release-and-recapture comparison between ground and metastable states. The agreement shows that the clock excitation does not introduce additional motional heating. The solid line shows the Monte-Carlo simulation best agrees with the experiment. We extract the atomic temperature of 0.28(4) μK. g, Simulation results for motional-state-preserving pulses at varying wavelengths. The upper panel shows the population transfer infidelity; the lower panel shows the motional excitation added by the pulse, indicating heating.Source dataa, Beam geometry and sequence of the destructive imaging. Counter-propagating beams resonant with the 1S0 to 1P1 transition are alternately applied on the atoms at a frequency of 3 MHz. b, Two methods of fast imaging. We use either 250 kHz-deep tweezers (‘shallow’) or 9.6 MHz-deep tweezers (‘deep’) in the experiment. The shallow tweezers are used for erasure detection, while the deep tweezers are used for spin detection. Bottom: typical single-shot images from both methods. The deep tweezers confine the atom position more tightly. c, Photon count histogram from shallow-tweezer imaging using a 7 × 7 pixel region of interest (ROI). A two-Gaussian fit infers a spin-readout infidelity below < 0.5%. d, Comparison of photon count histograms from deep and shallow tweezers using a small ROI. The deep tweezers result in reduced overlap due to better confinement. e, Optimization of imaging time in a tightly spaced array matching the GHZ experiment geometry (Top). As imaging time increases, infidelity initially decreases due to improved fluorescence collection, then increases beyond 15 μs due to cross-talk from neighboring atoms. A similar trend is observed in the geometry for the gate experiment, which uses even smaller atom spacing (2.4 μm). f, Three-outcome imaging sequence. ‘Meta’ represents the π-pulse on the m-qubit subspace. The π-pulse on the o-qubit is indicated as ‘Clock’. ‘Blue’ indicates application of the resonant beam to the 1S0 ⟷1P1 transition, used for both, imaging and blow-away of ground-state atoms. (Top) Actual experimental sequence, with wait times inserted for camera readout. (Bottom) Projected sequence duration, totaling less than 3 ms.Source dataa, Fast Rabi oscillations on the metastable-state qubit, as used for mapping from the Rydberg state. The fit yields a Rabi frequency of 2π × 2.9 MHz. b, Calculated dependence of the Rabi frequency on detuning, at constant laser power. When high speed is not required-such as in global randomized benchmarking (gRB) of the two–qubit gate-we use a slower Rabi frequency by increasing the detuning, in order to reduce intermediate-state scattering and mitigate the finite AOM turn-on time. c, Single-qubit Clifford randomized benchmarking comparing erasure and three-outcome measurement schemes. To reduce scattering errors, Z-rotations are implemented via phase tracking.Source dataa, UV laser system. We use fiber lasers (FL) and diode lasers (DL) as seed sources, which are amplified using fiber amplifiers (AMP). High-power beams are then combined via sum frequency generation (SFG) and frequency-doubled using second harmonic generation (SHG) to produce several hundred milliwatts of UV light. To suppress frequency noise, the cavity transmission of a high-finesse (F ~ 2 × 104) ultra-low-expansion (ULE) cavity is used to seed the 977 nm system [72]. A PPLN crystal is used for SFG of the 977 nm and 1582 nm beams, generating 604 nm light, which is then frequency-doubled in an SHG cavity containing a CLBO crystal. To extend the crystal lifetime, the SHG cavity is unlocked between experiments, stopping UV generation. Electro-optic modulators (EOMs) are used for all laser frequency locks. UV intensity stabilization is achieved via servo control of both the 604 nm and final 302 nm beams. A sample-and-hold feedback scheme is used to suppress shot-to-shot pulse fluctuations. b, \({{T}_{2}}^{* }\) coherence assessment of the Rydberg transition. Atoms are spaced for about 12 μm, and a Ramsey sequence is performed with a detuning offset of 3 MHz applied during the dark time. Each data point represents an average of approximately 25 valid measurements after loss detection. c, Fitted coherence times across the tweezer array, with an average of 12.8(5) μs. d, Variation of the oscillation frequency across the array reveals an energy gradient of 0.62 kHz/μm. e, Single-atom Rydberg Rabi oscillations on the r-qubit under loss detection. We observe 70(10) coherent oscillations before 1/e decay. f, Rydberg Rabi oscillations under blockade. Due to interaction, the Rabi frequency is enhanced by a factor of \(\sqrt{2}\) compared to the non-interacting case. We observe 72(6) coherent oscillations before 1/e decay. Each point in the Rabi oscillation data represents an average of approximately 130 valid measurements across 9 atoms or pairs.Source dataa, Characterization of the population decay, varying the ionization pulse duration in between the π-pulses for the Rydberg transition. The solid line is an exponential fit. b, Characterization of the branching of the decayed Rydberg state to ground state and metastable state. Black lines are total amount of decay measured by two consecutive Rydberg π-pulses. Remaining branching is measured by the sequence shown on top of the graphic, where we change the timing of the ionization of the Rydberg state and measured the amount of the remaining population. Each point represents the outcomes of more than 900 valid measurements from 10 tweezer sites. c, Assessment of the branching to the 3P2 F = 3/2 state. Decay experiments by monitoring the ground state. In one case we apply a 770 nm repump laser resonant with the 3P2 F = 3/2 → 3S1 transition, and in another case we do not apply the repumper. The ratio of the two experiments allow us to estimate the decay population to 3P2 F = 3/2. Each point represents approximately 170 valid measurements from 10 tweezer sites. d, For the interaction calibration, we use a two-photon transition to the doubly excited state. e, As reported on [38], we observe an anisotropy of the interaction depending on the orientation of the interaction axis relative to the magnetic field. Adjusting the atom distances effectively generates the square lattice interaction. f, Result of the anisotropy calibration. Showing higher interaction strength for the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. g, The interaction spectroscopy result after calibrating the lattice geometry. Residual imbalance is caused by the limited SLM discretization, which can be solved by using more computational resources. Each data point represents 100-200 valid measurements from 8-16 atom pairs.Source dataTheoretical assessment of known error contributions. Simulated gate infidelities are shown both without loss detection (solid bars) and with loss detection (dotted bars). The top row presents the average gate fidelity from full error-model simulations. Individual error sources are ordered by their contribution to the loss-detected error. We also show the experimental result from Fig. 3 with vertical lines.Source dataa, Rabi frequency (top) and detuning (bottom) sweep profiles are shown for both robust and non-robust pulses implemented in Fig. 4. The dotted line is a theoretically estimated phase transition point. b, Schematic of the qubit mapping of the Z2-GHZ state. c, To achieve maximum mapping efficiency a detuned π-pulse is used for the mapping. Atomic survival data represent 2000-3000 measurements per point. d, Summary of the relation between atom number and optimal detuning. We choose 2π × 1.0 MHz for all of the experiments. The inset shows the schematic of the qubit mapping. e, Schematic of the sequence for the assessment of the GHZ coherence. After mapping to the non-interacting metastable state qubit, we apply a global π/2-pulse with various phases. f, Result of the parity measurements for the GHZ coherence assessment. We estimate the coherence of the GHZ state by averaging the observed parity expectation values after a global phase shift, over the interval 0 to 2π. Each data point represent 30-450 valid measurements after loss detection. g, Summary of the mean value of the coherence. h, Theoretical comparison of actual coherence and estimated coherence by the presented method. i, GHZ coherence for various distance fluctuations. δr is the standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution of the shot-to-shot position fluctuations.Source dataa, Concept of the simulation. We theoretically compare the many-body evolution in the case of no Rydberg decay (ND) and the case of finite Rydberg decay and perfect decay detection. The latter dynamics is equivalent to the evolution generated by an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian describing the no-jump (NJ) component of the dissipative process. We vary the magnitude of the decay rate and examine how the prepared states deviate from the no-decay case by computing the infidelity 1 − ∣〈ΨNJ∣ΨND〉∣2. b, Infidelity during the evolution for various decay rates. For the adiabatic evolution (solid lines), we analyze the many-body evolution generating a 20-atom GHZ state with the robust preparation protocol for ΩT = 46. This is what is used for the N = 20 GHZ state in Fig. 4. For the quench evolution (dashed lines), we set zero Rydberg detuning and constant Rabi frequency at 2π × 3 MHz. c, Infidelity at the end of the preparation. The vertical dashed line (τ = 46 μs) denotes the Rydberg state lifetime in the present experiment. Stars indicate the condition implemented in the GHZ generation experiment.Source dataSource data for all figures containing numerical plots.Source data for all figures containing numerical plots.Source data for all figures containing numerical plots.Source data for all figures containing numerical plots.Source data for all figures containing numerical plots.Source data for all figures containing numerical plots.Source data for all figures containing numerical plots.Source data for all figures containing numerical plots.Source data for all figures containing numerical plots.Source data for all figures containing numerical plots.Source data for all figures containing numerical plots.Source data for all figures containing numerical plots.Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.Reprints and permissionsSenoo, A., Baumgärtner, A., Lis, J.W. et al. High-fidelity entanglement and coherent multi-qubit mapping in an atom array. Nat. Phys. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-026-03258-8Download citationReceived: 05 August 2025Accepted: 12 March 2026Published: 12 June 2026Version of record: 12 June 2026DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-026-03258-8Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative