Altermagnetic spintronics

Nature Physics (2026) Cite this article A recently discovered form of magnetism, known as altermagnetism, is characterized by an unconventional d-wave (or higher even-parity-wave) collinear compensated spin ordering. This phase supports strongly spin-polarized currents in the absence of net magnetization and exhibits fast spin dynamics. Meanwhile, spintronic memories based on conventional ferromagnets have been transitioning from a niche technology to mass production for advanced-node microprocessor chips. In this Review we outline how the distinct signatures of altermagnetism may broaden the scope of spintronics research and influence the functionality and scalability of future devices. In particular, we focus on the emerging theoretical concepts in altermagnetic spintronics and on the potential interplay with ferroelectricity or superconductivity. We also provide an outlook on the growing experimental research on altermagnetic spintronics, and on the role of relativistic spin–orbit coupling phenomena.This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription $32.99 / 30 days cancel any timeSubscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $259.00 per yearonly $21.58 per issueBuy this articleUSD 39.95Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkoutŠmejkal, L., Sinova, J. & Jungwirth, T. Beyond conventional ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism: a phase with nonrelativistic spin and crystal rotation symmetry. Phys. Rev. X 12, 031042 (2022). Google Scholar Šmejkal, L., Sinova, J. & Jungwirth, T. Emerging research landscape of altermagnetism. Phys. Rev. X 12, 040501 (2022). Google Scholar Šmejkal, L., MacDonald, A. H., Sinova, J., Nakatsuji, S. & Jungwirth, T. Anomalous Hall antiferromagnets. Nat. Rev. Mater. 7, 482–496 (2022).Article Google Scholar Bai, L. et al. Altermagnetism: exploring new frontiers in magnetism and spintronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2409327 (2024).Article Google Scholar Song, C. et al. Altermagnets as a new class of functional materials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 10, 473–485 (2025).Article Google Scholar Jungwirth, T. et al. Altermagnetism: an unconventional spin-ordered phase of matter. Newton 1, 100162 (2025).Article Google Scholar Jungwirth, T. et al. Symmetry, microscopy and spectroscopy signatures of altermagnetism. Nature 649, 837 (2026).Article ADS Google Scholar Cho, A. 2024 breakthrough of the year: runners-up. Science 386, 1211 (2024).ADS Google Scholar Šmejkal, L., González-Hernández, R., Jungwirth, T. & Sinova, J. Crystal time-reversal symmetry breaking and spontaneous Hall effect in collinear antiferromagnets. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz8809 (2020).Article ADS Google Scholar Mazin, I. I., Koepernik, K., Johannes, M. D., González-Hernández, R. & Šmejkal, L. Prediction of unconventional magnetism in doped FeSb2. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2108924118 (2021).Article Google Scholar Guo, Y. et al. Spin-split collinear antiferromagnets: a large-scale ab-initio study. Mater. Today Phys. 32, 100991 (2023).Article Google Scholar Xiao, Z., Zhao, J., Li, Y., Shindou, R. & Song, Z.-D. Spin space groups: full classification and applications. Phys. Rev. X 14, 031037 (2024). Google Scholar Šmejkal, L., Hellenes, A. B., González-Hernández, R., Sinova, J. & Jungwirth, T. Giant and tunneling magnetoresistance in unconventional collinear antiferromagnets with nonrelativistic spin-momentum coupling. Phys. Rev. X 12, 011028 (2022).

Google Scholar Ma, H.-Y. et al. Multifunctional antiferromagnetic materials with giant piezomagnetism and noncollinear spin current. Nat. Commun. 12, 2846 (2021).Article ADS Google Scholar Egorov, S. A. & Evarestov, R. A. Colossal spin splitting in the monolayer of the collinear antiferromagnet MnF2. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12, 2363–2369 (2021).Article Google Scholar Brekke, B., Brataas, A. & Sudbø, A. Two-dimensional altermagnets: superconductivity in a minimal microscopic model. Phys. Rev. B 108, 224421 (2023).Article ADS Google Scholar Cui, Q., Zhu, Y., Yao, X., Cui, P. & Yang, H. Giant spin-Hall and tunneling magnetoresistance effects based on a two-dimensional nonrelativistic antiferromagnetic metal. Phys. Rev. B 108, 024410 (2023).Article ADS Google Scholar Chen, X., Wang, D., Li, L. & Sanyal, B. Giant spin-splitting and tunable spin-momentum locked transport in room temperature collinear antiferromagnetic semimetallic CrO monolayer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 123, 022402 (2023).Article ADS Google Scholar Mazin, I., González-Hernández, R. & Šmejkal, L. Induced monolayer altermagnetism in MnP(S,Se)3 and FeSe. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.02355 (2023).Sødequist, J. & Olsen, T. Two-dimensional altermagnets from high throughput computational screening: symmetry requirements, chiral magnons, and spin-orbit effects. Appl. Phys. Lett. 124, 182409 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Naka, M. et al. Spin current generation in organic antiferromagnets. Nat. Commun. 10, 4305 (2019).Article ADS Google Scholar Ferrari, F. & Valentí, R. Altermagnetism on the Shastry-Sutherland lattice. Phys. Rev. B 110, 205140 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Krempaský, J. et al. Altermagnetic lifting of Kramers spin degeneracy. Nature 626, 517–522 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Lee, S. S. et al. Broken Kramers degeneracy in altermagnetic MnTe. Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 036702 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Osumi, T. et al. Observation of a giant band splitting in altermagnetic MnTe. Phys. Rev. B 109, 115102 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Reimers, S. et al. Direct observation of altermagnetic band splitting in CrSb thin films. Nat. Commun. 15, 2116 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Yang, G. et al. Three-dimensional mapping of the altermagnetic spin splitting in CrSb. Nat. Commun. 16, 1442 (2025).Article ADS Google Scholar Ding, J. et al. Large band splitting in g-wave altermagnet CrSb. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 206401 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Zeng, M. et al. Observation of spin splitting in room-temperature metallic antiferromagnet CrSb. Adv. Sci. 11, 2406529 (2024).Article Google Scholar Jiang, B. et al. A metallic room-temperature d-wave altermagnet. Nat. Phys. 21, 754–759 (2025).Article Google Scholar Zhang, F. et al. Crystal-symmetry-paired spin-valley locking in a layered room-temperature metallic altermagnet candidate. Nat. Phys. 21, 760–767 (2025).Article Google Scholar Šmejkal, L. et al. Chiral magnons in altermagnetic RuO2. Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 256703 (2023).Article ADS Google Scholar Liu, Z., Ozeki, M., Asai, S., Itoh, S. & Masuda, T. Chiral-split magnon in altermagnetic MnTe. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 156702 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Worledge, D. C. et al. STT-MRAM – status and outlook. In 2022 IEEE 33rd Magnetic Recording Conference 1–2 (IEEE, 2022).Bhatti, S. et al. Spintronics based random access memory: a review. Mater. Today 20, 530–548 (2017).Article Google Scholar Prenat, G. et al. Ultra-fast and high-reliability SOT-MRAM: from cache replacement to normally-off computing. IEEE Trans. Multi-Scale Comput. Syst. 2, 49–60 (2016).Article Google Scholar Sinova, J., Valenzuela, S. O., Wunderlich, J., Back, C. H. & Jungwirth, T. Spin Hall effects. Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 1213–1260 (2015).Article ADS Google Scholar Landauer, R. Irreversibility and heat generation in the computing process. IBM J. Res. Dev. 5, 183–191 (1961).Article MathSciNet Google Scholar Hong, J., Lambson, B., Dhuey, S. & Bokor, J. Experimental test of Landauer’s principle in single-bit operations on nanomagnetic memory bits. Sci. Adv. 2, 1–6 (2016).Article Google Scholar Bedau, D. et al. Spin-transfer pulse switching: from the dynamic to the thermally activated regime. Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 262502 (2010).Article ADS Google Scholar Garello, K. et al. Ultrafast magnetization switching by spin-orbit torques. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 212402 (2014).Article ADS Google Scholar Schlauderer, S. et al. Temporal and spectral fingerprints of ultrafast all-coherent spin switching. Nature 569, 383–387 (2019).Article ADS Google Scholar Kimel, A. V., Kalashnikova, A. M., Pogrebna, A. & Zvezdin, A. K. Fundamentals and perspectives of ultrafast photoferroic recording. Phys. Rep. 852, 1–46 (2020).Article ADS Google Scholar Wadley, P. et al. Electrical switching of an antiferromagnet. Science 351, 587–590 (2016).Article ADS Google Scholar Olejník, K. et al. Antiferromagnetic CuMnAs multi-level memory cell with microelectronic compatibility. Nat. Commun. 8, 15434 (2017).Article ADS Google Scholar Olejník, K. et al. Terahertz electrical writing speed in an antiferromagnetic memory. Sci. Adv. 4, eaar3566 (2018).Article ADS Google Scholar Heitz, J. et al. Optically gated terahertz-field-driven switching of antiferromagnetic CuMnAs. Phys. Rev. Appl. 16, 064047 (2021).Article ADS Google Scholar Kašpar, Z. et al. Quenching of an antiferromagnet into high resistivity states using electrical or ultrashort optical pulses. Nat. Electron. 4, 30–37 (2021).Article Google Scholar Godinho, J. et al. Electrically induced and detected Néel vector reversal in a collinear antiferromagnet. Nat. Commun. 9, 4686 (2018).Article ADS Google Scholar Jungwirth, T., Marti, X., Wadley, P. & Wunderlich, J. Antiferromagnetic spintronics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 231–241 (2016).Article ADS Google Scholar Železný, J., Wadley, P., Olejník, K., Hoffmann, A. & Ohno, H. Spin transport and spin torque in antiferromagnetic devices. Nat. Phys. 14, 220–228 (2018).Article Google Scholar Němec, P., Fiebig, M., Kampfrath, T. & Kimel, A. V. Antiferromagnetic opto-spintronics. Nat. Phys. 14, 229–241 (2018).Article Google Scholar Tsai, H. et al. Electrical manipulation of a topological antiferromagnetic state. Nature 580, 608–613 (2020).Article ADS Google Scholar Takeuchi, Y. et al. Chiral-spin rotation of non-collinear antiferromagnet by spin-orbit torque. Nat. Mater. 20, 1364–1370 (2021).Article Google Scholar Pal, B. et al. Setting of the magnetic structure of chiral kagome antiferromagnets by a seeded spin-orbit torque. Sci. Adv. 8, eabo5930 (2022).Article Google Scholar Chen, X. et al. Octupole-driven magnetoresistance in an antiferromagnetic tunnel junction. Nature 613, 490–495 (2023).Article ADS Google Scholar Qin, P. et al. Room-temperature magnetoresistance in an all-antiferromagnetic tunnel junction. Nature 613, 485–489 (2023).Article ADS Google Scholar Shindou, R. & Nagaosa, N. Orbital ferromagnetism and anomalous Hall effect in antiferromagnets on the distorted fcc lattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 116801 (2001).Article ADS Google Scholar Chen, H., Niu, Q. & Macdonald, A. H. Anomalous Hall effect arising from noncollinear antiferromagnetism. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 017205 (2014).Article ADS Google Scholar Kübler, J. & Felser, C. Non-collinear antiferromagnets and the anomalous Hall effect. EPL 108, 67001 (2014).Article ADS Google Scholar Nakatsuji, S., Kiyohara, N. & Higo, T. Large anomalous Hall effect in a non-collinear antiferromagnet at room temperature. Nature 527, 212–215 (2015).Article ADS Google Scholar Železný, J., Zhang, Y., Felser, C. & Yan, B. Spin-polarized current in noncollinear antiferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 187204 (2017).Article ADS Google Scholar Kimata, M. et al. Magnetic and magnetic inverse spin Hall effects in a non-collinear antiferromagnet. Nature 565, 627–630 (2019).Article ADS Google Scholar Rimmler, B. H., Pal, B. & Parkin, S. S. P. Non-collinear antiferromagnetic spintronics. Nat. Rev. Mater. 10, 109–127 (2024).Article Google Scholar Han, J., Yoon, J.-Y., Ohno, H. & Fukami, S. Unconventional responses in non-collinear antiferromagnets. Newton 1, 100012 (2025).Article Google Scholar González-Hernández, R. et al. Efficient electrical spin splitter based on nonrelativistic collinear antiferromagnetism. Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 127701 (2021).Article ADS Google Scholar Shao, D.-F., Zhang, S.-H., Li, M., Eom, C.-B. & Tsymbal, E. Y. Spin-neutral currents for spintronics. Nat. Commun. 12, 7061 (2021).Article ADS Google Scholar Samanta, K., Shao, D.-F. & Tsymbal, E. Y. Spin filtering with insulating altermagnets. Nano Lett. 25, 3150–3156 (2025).Article ADS Google Scholar Vakili, H., Schwartz, E. & Kovalev, A. A. Spin-transfer torque in altermagnets with magnetic textures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 176401 (2025).Article ADS Google Scholar Zarzuela, R., Jaeschke-Ubiergo, R., Gomonay, O., Šmejkal, L. & Sinova, J. Transport theory and spin-transfer physics in d-wave altermagnets. Phys. Rev. B 111, 064422 (2025).Article ADS Google Scholar Gu, M. et al. Ferroelectric switchable altermagnetism. Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 106802 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Šmejkal, L. Altermagnetic multiferroics and altermagnetoelectric effect. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.19928 (2024).Ramesh, R. & Spaldin, N. A. Multiferroics: progress and prospects in thin films. Nat. Mater. 6, 21–29 (2007).Article Google Scholar Jaeschke-Ubiergo, R. et al. Atomic altermagnetism. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.10797 (2025).Giil, H. G. & Linder, J. Superconductor-altermagnet memory functionality without stray fields. Phys. Rev. B 109, 134511 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Giil, H. G., Brekke, B., Linder, J. & Brataas, A. Quasiclassical theory of superconducting spin-splitter effects and spin-filtering via altermagnets. Phys. Rev. B 110, L140506 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Ouassou, J. A., Brataas, A. & Linder, J. dc Josephson effect in altermagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 076003 (2023).Article ADS Google Scholar Zhang, S.-B., Hu, L.-H. & Neupert, T. Finite-momentum Cooper pairing in proximitized altermagnets. Nat. Commun. 15, 1801 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Beenakker, C. W. J. & Vakhtel, T. Phase-shifted Andreev levels in an altermagnet Josephson junction. Phys. Rev. B 108, 075425 (2023).Article ADS Google Scholar Yang, F. & Chen, L. Q. Altermagnetism-induced noncollinear superconducting diode effect and unidirectional superconducting transport. Phys. Rev. B 112, L220502 (2025).Article ADS MathSciNet Google Scholar Sumita, S., Naka, M. & Seo, H. Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state induced by antiferromagnetic order in k-type organic conductors. Phys. Rev. Res. 5, 043171 (2023).Article Google Scholar Chakraborty, D. & Black-Schaffer, A. M. Perfect superconducting diode effect in altermagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 026001 (2025).Article ADS Google Scholar Sim, G. & Knolle, J. Pair density waves and supercurrent diode effect in altermagnets. Phys. Rev. B 112, L020502 (2025).Article ADS Google Scholar Banerjee, S. & Scheurer, M. S. Altermagnetic superconducting diode effect. Phys. Rev. B 110, 024503 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Dietl, T. & Ohno, H. Dilute ferromagnetic semiconductors: physics and spintronic structures. Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 187–251 (2014).Article ADS Google Scholar Jungwirth, T. et al. Spin-dependent phenomena and device concepts explored in (Ga,Mn)As. Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 855–896 (2014).Article ADS Google Scholar Bose, A. et al. Tilted spin current generated by the collinear antiferromagnet ruthenium dioxide. Nat. Electron. 5, 267–274 (2022).Article Google Scholar Bai, H. et al. Observation of spin splitting torque in a collinear antiferromagnet RuO2. Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 197202 (2022).Article ADS Google Scholar Karube, S. et al. Observation of spin-splitter torque in collinear antiferromagnetic RuO2. Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 137201 (2022).Article ADS Google Scholar Feng, Z. et al. An anomalous Hall effect in altermagnetic ruthenium dioxide. Nat. Electron. 5, 735–743 (2022).Article Google Scholar Wang, Z. Q. et al. Inverse spin Hall effect dominated spin-charge conversion in (101) and (110)-oriented RuO2 films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 046701 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Berlijn, T. et al. Itinerant antiferromagnetism in RuO2. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 077201 (2017).Article ADS Google Scholar Zhu, Z. H. et al. Anomalous antiferromagnetism in metallic RuO2 determined by resonant X-ray scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 017202 (2019).Article ADS Google Scholar Lovesey, S. W., Khalyavin, D. D. & van der Laan, G. Magnetic structure of RuO2 in view of altermagnetism. Phys. Rev. B 108, L121103 (2023).Article ADS Google Scholar Liu, Y. et al. Inverse altermagnetic spin splitting effect-induced terahertz emission in RuO2. Adv. Opt. Mater. 11, 1–7 (2023).Article Google Scholar Fedchenko, O. et al. Observation of time-reversal symmetry breaking in the band structure of altermagnetic RuO2. Sci. Adv. 10, 31 (2024).Article Google Scholar Smolyanyuk, A., Mazin, I. I., Garcia-Gassull, L. & Valentí, R. Fragility of the magnetic order in the prototypical altermagnet RuO2. Phys. Rev. B 109, 134424 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Keßler, P. et al. Absence of magnetic order in RuO2: insights from μSR spectroscopy and neutron diffraction. npj Spintron. 2, 50 (2024).Article Google Scholar Fan, Y. et al. Robust magnetic-field-free perpendicular magnetization switching by manipulating spin polarization direction in RuO2/[Pt/Co/Pt] heterojunctions. ACS Nano 18, 26350–26358 (2024).

Google Scholar Wenzel, M. et al. Fermi-liquid behavior of nonaltermagnetic RuO2. Phys. Rev. B 111, L041115 (2025).Article ADS Google Scholar Jeong, S. G. et al. Metallicity and anomalous Hall effect in epitaxially strained, atomically thin RuO2 films. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122, 1–23 (2025).Article Google Scholar Hiraishi, M. et al. Nonmagnetic ground state in RuO2 revealed by muon spin rotation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 166702 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Noh, S. et al. Tunneling magnetoresistance in altermagnetic RuO2-based magnetic tunnel junctions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 246703 (2025).Article ADS Google Scholar Reichlova, H. et al. Observation of a spontaneous anomalous Hall response in the Mn5Si3 d-wave altermagnet candidate. Nat. Commun. 15, 4961 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Gonzalez Betancourt, R. D. et al. Spontaneous anomalous Hall effect arising from an unconventional compensated magnetic phase in a semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 036702 (2023).Article ADS Google Scholar Kluczyk, K. P. et al. Coexistence of anomalous Hall effect and weak magnetization in a nominally collinear antiferromagnet MnTe. Phys. Rev. B 110, 155201 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Ray, M. K. et al. Zero-field Hall effect emerging from a non-Fermi liquid in a collinear antiferromagnet V1/3NbS2. Nat. Commun. 16, 3532 (2025).Article ADS Google Scholar Takagi, R. et al. Spontaneous Hall effect induced by collinear antiferromagnetic order at room temperature. Nat. Mater. 24, 63–68 (2025).Article Google Scholar Hariki, A. et al. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism in altermagnetic α-MnTe. Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 176701 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Amin, O. J. et al. Nanoscale imaging and control of altermagnetism in MnTe. Nature 636, 348–353 (2024).Article ADS Google Scholar Download referencesT.J. discloses support for this work from the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic under Grant No. CZ.02.01.01/00/22008/0004594 and from the European Research Council under Advanced Grant No. 101095925. J.S. and L.Š. disclose support for this work from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under DFG Project 452301518, TRR 288-422213477 (project A09) and TRR 173-268565370 (project A03). L.Š. discloses support for this work from the European Research Council under Starting Grant No. 101165122. D.K. discloses support for this work from the Czech Science Foundation under Grant No. 22-22000M, and from the Czech Academy of Sciences under Lumina Quaeruntur fellowship LQ100102201. H.R. discloses support for this work from the Max Planck Society under Dioscuri Program No. LV23025.Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech RepublicT. Jungwirth, D. Kriegner, H. Reichlová, F. Krizek & L. ŠmejkalSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UKT. Jungwirth & P. WadleyCenter for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, Sendai, JapanT. Jungwirth, P. Wadley & H. OhnoInstitut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, GermanyJ. SinovaDepartment of Physics, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USAJ. SinovaLaboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, JapanH. OhnoAdvanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, JapanH. OhnoCenter for Innovative Integrated Electronic Systems, Tohoku University, Sendai, JapanH. OhnoMax Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, GermanyL. ŠmejkalMax Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, GermanyL. ŠmejkalSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarSearch author on:PubMed Google ScholarT.J. wrote the initial draft based on inputs from all co-authors. All authors contributed to the selection of the content, and read and commented on the paper.Correspondence to T. Jungwirth.The authors declare no competing interests.Nature Physics thanks Chaoyu Chen and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.Reprints and permissionsJungwirth, T., Sinova, J., Wadley, P. et al. Altermagnetic spintronics. Nat. Phys. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-026-03337-wDownload citationReceived: 12 August 2025Accepted: 20 May 2026Published: 06 July 2026Version of record: 06 July 2026DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-026-03337-wAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative