Absent, Not Faint: Fisher-Information Limits and a Logarithmic Measurement-Design Cure for Passive Characterization of Coherent Qubit Noise

Quantum Physics arXiv:2607.21663 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 23 Jul 2026] Title:Absent, Not Faint: Fisher-Information Limits and a Logarithmic Measurement-Design Cure for Passive Characterization of Coherent Qubit Noise Authors:Yi Pan, Meng Hsiu Tsai, Weihang You, Hanqi Jiang, Junhao Chen, Wei Zhang, Isaac Lyngaas, Yingfeng Wang, Tianming Liu View a PDF of the paper titled Absent, Not Faint: Fisher-Information Limits and a Logarithmic Measurement-Design Cure for Passive Characterization of Coherent Qubit Noise, by Yi Pan and 8 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Calibrating a quantum processor means estimating error parameters, and estimation theory usually assumes a parameter hard to estimate is faint: its signal is weak but present, so more repetitions or a richer model will recover it. This assumption fails for a leading hardware fault. A coherent over-rotation is a small systematic gate miscalibration. Measured through the cheapest data a device returns--one fixed-basis histogram--it is not faint but absent: to first order it leaves the distribution unchanged, indistinguishable from a compensating stochastic error, exactly as two numbers cannot be separated from their sum. For commuting single- and two-qubit transverse over-rotations, with known support on the canonical input, the histogram's Fisher information is singular along the fault's direction at zero angle, its Cramer-Rao bound is infinite, and no finite-variance, locally unbiased estimator recovers it. At a generic nonzero angle the degeneracy partly lifts; beyond four qubits it clears entirely, leaving conditioning, not absence, as the obstruction. The cure is a richer measurement, not a richer model: a fixed, logarithmically small set of extra settings makes every such fault visible. Visibility alone is not enough. The sampling cost is set by conditioning, not coverage, through a floor whose complete-family closed form is exponentially small in the qubit count. We prove the impossibility and cure, confirm both in exact simulation, show conditioning predicts recovery error across hundreds of designs, and observe a 3-5x bias gap on IBM Heron hardware as a consistency check. Non-commuting faults and unknown support remain open. Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:2607.21663 [quant-ph] (or arXiv:2607.21663v1 [quant-ph] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.21663 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Yi Pan [view email] [v1] Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:46:29 UTC (151 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Absent, Not Faint: Fisher-Information Limits and a Logarithmic Measurement-Design Cure for Passive Characterization of Coherent Qubit Noise, by Yi Pan and 8 other authorsView PDFHTML (experimental)TeX Source view license Current browse context: quant-ph new | recent | 2026-07 References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADSGoogle Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Loading... BibTeX formatted citation × loading... Data provided by: Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)