Active Quantum Reservoir Engineering: Using a Qubit to Manipulate its Environment
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AbstractQuantum reservoir engineering leverages dissipative processes to achieve desired behaviour, with applications ranging from entanglement generation to quantum error correction. Therein, a structured environment acts as an entropy sink for the system and no time-dependent control over the system is required. We develop a theoretical framework for active reservoir engineering, where time-dependent control over a quantum system is used to manipulate its environment. In this case, the system may act as an entropy sink for the environment. Our framework captures the dynamical interplay between system and environment, and provides an intuitive picture of how finite-size effects and system-environment correlations allow for manipulating the environment by repeated initialisation of the quantum system. We illustrate our results with two examples: a superconducting qubit coupled to an environment of two-level systems and a semiconducting quantum dot coupled to nuclear spins. In both scenarios, we find qualitative agreement with previous experimental results, illustrating how active control can unlock new functionalities in open quantum systems.Featured image: Control on the qubit is used to actively manipulate its surrounding degrees of freedom.Popular summaryQubits are rarely isolated from their surroundings. This connection is what makes them measurable, but it also makes their delicate quantum behaviour vulnerable. In many solid-state devices, the surroundings are not a simple cold reservoir. They are often large, disordered systems made of material defects or nuclear spins. These surroundings disturb the qubit, but they do not prevent it from being controlled rapidly and precisely. This work develops a framework for using that control to actively engineer the surroundings themselves. By repeatedly initialising, driving, and resetting the qubit, one can reshape nearby material degrees of freedom, for example by changing their magnetic properties. Although the qubit is small and can only slightly change its surroundings in each cycle, resetting it restores its capacity to act again. Over many repetitions, this process removes entropy from the surroundings bit by bit.► BibTeX data@article{Janovitch2026activequantum, doi = {10.22331/q-2026-06-19-2143}, url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-06-19-2143}, title = {Active {Q}uantum {R}eservoir {E}ngineering: {U}sing a {Q}ubit to {M}anipulate its {E}nvironment}, author = {Janovitch, Marcelo and Brunelli, Matteo and P. Potts, Patrick}, journal = {{Quantum}}, issn = {2521-327X}, publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}}, volume = {10}, pages = {2143}, month = jun, year = {2026} }► References [1] J. F. Poyatos, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4728 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.4728 [2] F. Verstraete, M. M. Wolf, and J. I. Cirac, Nat. Phys. 5, 633 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys1342 [3] P. 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Landi, Eigenoperator approach to Schrieffer-Wolff perturbation theory and dispersive interactions (2024), arXiv:2409.10656 [quant-ph]. arXiv:2409.10656Cited by[1] Haowen Yang, Gerald Bissell, Han Zhong, Peter Van Kirk, Tiger Cao, Pengcheng Lu, and Yingying Wu, "Skyrmion Quantum Diode Prototype: Bridging Micromagnetic Simulations and Quantum Models", arXiv:2601.11341, (2026). [2] Anna Sidorenko, Jan Mathis Giesen, Sebastian Eggert, and Stefan Linden, "Tailored dissipation for directional transport in plasmonic ratchets", arXiv:2603.00227, (2026). The above citations are from SAO/NASA ADS (last updated successfully 2026-06-19 11:30:08). The list may be incomplete as not all publishers provide suitable and complete citation data.Could not fetch Crossref cited-by data during last attempt 2026-06-19 11:30:07: Could not fetch cited-by data for 10.22331/q-2026-06-19-2143 from Crossref. This is normal if the DOI was registered recently.This Paper is published in Quantum under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Copyright remains with the original copyright holders such as the authors or their institutions. AbstractQuantum reservoir engineering leverages dissipative processes to achieve desired behaviour, with applications ranging from entanglement generation to quantum error correction. Therein, a structured environment acts as an entropy sink for the system and no time-dependent control over the system is required. We develop a theoretical framework for active reservoir engineering, where time-dependent control over a quantum system is used to manipulate its environment. In this case, the system may act as an entropy sink for the environment. Our framework captures the dynamical interplay between system and environment, and provides an intuitive picture of how finite-size effects and system-environment correlations allow for manipulating the environment by repeated initialisation of the quantum system. We illustrate our results with two examples: a superconducting qubit coupled to an environment of two-level systems and a semiconducting quantum dot coupled to nuclear spins. In both scenarios, we find qualitative agreement with previous experimental results, illustrating how active control can unlock new functionalities in open quantum systems.Featured image: Control on the qubit is used to actively manipulate its surrounding degrees of freedom.Popular summaryQubits are rarely isolated from their surroundings. This connection is what makes them measurable, but it also makes their delicate quantum behaviour vulnerable. In many solid-state devices, the surroundings are not a simple cold reservoir. They are often large, disordered systems made of material defects or nuclear spins. These surroundings disturb the qubit, but they do not prevent it from being controlled rapidly and precisely. This work develops a framework for using that control to actively engineer the surroundings themselves. By repeatedly initialising, driving, and resetting the qubit, one can reshape nearby material degrees of freedom, for example by changing their magnetic properties. Although the qubit is small and can only slightly change its surroundings in each cycle, resetting it restores its capacity to act again. Over many repetitions, this process removes entropy from the surroundings bit by bit.► BibTeX data@article{Janovitch2026activequantum, doi = {10.22331/q-2026-06-19-2143}, url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-06-19-2143}, title = {Active {Q}uantum {R}eservoir {E}ngineering: {U}sing a {Q}ubit to {M}anipulate its {E}nvironment}, author = {Janovitch, Marcelo and Brunelli, Matteo and P. Potts, Patrick}, journal = {{Quantum}}, issn = {2521-327X}, publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}}, volume = {10}, pages = {2143}, month = jun, year = {2026} }► References [1] J. F. Poyatos, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4728 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.4728 [2] F. Verstraete, M. M. Wolf, and J. I. Cirac, Nat. Phys. 5, 633 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys1342 [3] P. M. Harrington, E. J. Mueller, and K. W. Murch, Nat. Rev. Phys. 4, 660 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-022-00494-8 [4] A. Metelmann and A. A. Clerk, Phys. Rev. X 5, 021025 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.5.021025 [5] C.-E. Bardyn, M. A. Baranov, C. V. Kraus, E. Rico, A. İmamoğlu, P. Zoller, and S. Diehl, New J. Phys. 15, 085001 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/8/085001 [6] Z. Leghtas, S. Touzard, I. M. Pop, A. Kou, B. Vlastakis, A. Petrenko, K. M. Sliwa, A. Narla, S. Shankar, M. J. 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