Qubit operations using a modular optical system engineered with PyOpticL: a code-to-CAD optical layout tool
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AbstractComplex optical design is hindered by conventional piecewise setup, which prevents modularization and therefore abstraction of subsystems at the circuit level. This limits multiple fields that require complex optics systems, including quantum computing with atoms and trapped ions, because their optical systems are not scalable. We present an open-source Python library for optical layout (PyOpticL) which uses beam-path simulation and dynamic beam-path routing for quick and easy optical layout by placing optical elements along the beam path without a priori specification, enabling adaptive, path-based layouts with automatic routing and connectivity. We use PyOpticL to create modular `drop-in' optical baseplates for common optical subsystems used in atomic and molecular optics (AMO) experiments including laser sources, frequency and intensity modulation, and locking to an atomic reference for stabilization. We demonstrate this minimal working example of a dynamic full laser system for strontium trapped ions by using it for laser cooling, qubit state detection, and over 99% fidelity single-qubit gates with 3D printed baseplates. This enables a new paradigm of design abstraction layers for engineering optical systems leveraging modular baseplates, as they can be used for any wavelength in the system and enables scaling up the underlying optical systems for quantum computers. This new open-source hardware and software code-to-CAD library seeks to foster open-source collaborative hardware and systems design across numerous fields of research including AMO physics and quantum computing with neutral atoms and trapped ions.Featured image: PyOpticL: Programming Optical Hardware Like Software. Optical components are defined along beam paths in Python, allowing automated routing, layout generation, and rapid creation of modular optical baseplates for quantum technologies.Popular summaryQuantum technologies based on trapped ions and neutral atoms rely on increasingly complex optical systems that are difficult to build, modify, and scale. This work presents PyOpticL, an open-source Python library that simplifies optical system layout in CAD through a scripted approach to optic component placement, allowing for dynamic, beam-path-based layout creation. Rather than manually positioning every mirror, lens, and modulator, users define optical elements along a beam path and PyOpticL generates the physical layout while maintaining optical connectivity. The authors use PyOpticL to create modular optical baseplates for common atomic and molecular optics subsystems, including laser sources, modulation stages, and frequency stabilization. These modules were used to operate a strontium trapped-ion system, enabling laser cooling, state detection, and single qubit gates with over 99% fidelity. The work demonstrates a scalable, modular approach to engineering complex optical systems.► BibTeX data@article{Myers2026qubitoperations, doi = {10.22331/q-2026-06-15-2135}, url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-06-15-2135}, title = {Qubit operations using a modular optical system engineered with {P}y{O}ptic{L}: a code-to-{CAD} optical layout tool}, author = {Myers, Jacob and Caron, Christopher and Helaly, Nishat and Wei, Zhenyu and Oh, Justin and Gotobed, Zack and Yabe, Kotaro and Niffenegger, Robert J.}, journal = {{Quantum}}, issn = {2521-327X}, publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}}, volume = {10}, pages = {2135}, month = jun, year = {2026} }► References [1] Soham Kulkarni, Ada Umińska, Joseph Gleason, Simon Barke, Reid Ferguson, Jose Sanjuán, Paul Fulda, and Guido Mueller. Ultrastable optical components using adjustable commercial mirror mounts anchored in a ule spacer. Applied optics, 59 (23): 6999–7003, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.395831. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.395831 [2] Zhen Zhang, Jingfeng Xiang, Yiming Meng, Wei Ren, Siminda Deng, and Desheng Lü. Design of a highly reliable and low-cost optical bench for laser cooling.
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URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214860421000634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.101898 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214860421000634Cited by[1] Jiwon Wi, Taehee Kim, and Junki Kim, "Compact and robust optical frequency reference module based on reproducible and redistributable optical design", arXiv:2508.04103, (2025). The above citations are from SAO/NASA ADS (last updated successfully 2026-06-15 11:42:28). The list may be incomplete as not all publishers provide suitable and complete citation data.Could not fetch Crossref cited-by data during last attempt 2026-06-15 11:42:24: Could not fetch cited-by data for 10.22331/q-2026-06-15-2135 from Crossref. This is normal if the DOI was registered recently.This Paper is published in Quantum under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Copyright remains with the original copyright holders such as the authors or their institutions. AbstractComplex optical design is hindered by conventional piecewise setup, which prevents modularization and therefore abstraction of subsystems at the circuit level. This limits multiple fields that require complex optics systems, including quantum computing with atoms and trapped ions, because their optical systems are not scalable. We present an open-source Python library for optical layout (PyOpticL) which uses beam-path simulation and dynamic beam-path routing for quick and easy optical layout by placing optical elements along the beam path without a priori specification, enabling adaptive, path-based layouts with automatic routing and connectivity. We use PyOpticL to create modular `drop-in' optical baseplates for common optical subsystems used in atomic and molecular optics (AMO) experiments including laser sources, frequency and intensity modulation, and locking to an atomic reference for stabilization. We demonstrate this minimal working example of a dynamic full laser system for strontium trapped ions by using it for laser cooling, qubit state detection, and over 99% fidelity single-qubit gates with 3D printed baseplates. This enables a new paradigm of design abstraction layers for engineering optical systems leveraging modular baseplates, as they can be used for any wavelength in the system and enables scaling up the underlying optical systems for quantum computers. This new open-source hardware and software code-to-CAD library seeks to foster open-source collaborative hardware and systems design across numerous fields of research including AMO physics and quantum computing with neutral atoms and trapped ions.Featured image: PyOpticL: Programming Optical Hardware Like Software. Optical components are defined along beam paths in Python, allowing automated routing, layout generation, and rapid creation of modular optical baseplates for quantum technologies.Popular summaryQuantum technologies based on trapped ions and neutral atoms rely on increasingly complex optical systems that are difficult to build, modify, and scale. This work presents PyOpticL, an open-source Python library that simplifies optical system layout in CAD through a scripted approach to optic component placement, allowing for dynamic, beam-path-based layout creation. Rather than manually positioning every mirror, lens, and modulator, users define optical elements along a beam path and PyOpticL generates the physical layout while maintaining optical connectivity. The authors use PyOpticL to create modular optical baseplates for common atomic and molecular optics subsystems, including laser sources, modulation stages, and frequency stabilization. These modules were used to operate a strontium trapped-ion system, enabling laser cooling, state detection, and single qubit gates with over 99% fidelity. The work demonstrates a scalable, modular approach to engineering complex optical systems.► BibTeX data@article{Myers2026qubitoperations, doi = {10.22331/q-2026-06-15-2135}, url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-06-15-2135}, title = {Qubit operations using a modular optical system engineered with {P}y{O}ptic{L}: a code-to-{CAD} optical layout tool}, author = {Myers, Jacob and Caron, Christopher and Helaly, Nishat and Wei, Zhenyu and Oh, Justin and Gotobed, Zack and Yabe, Kotaro and Niffenegger, Robert J.}, journal = {{Quantum}}, issn = {2521-327X}, publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}}, volume = {10}, pages = {2135}, month = jun, year = {2026} }► References [1] Soham Kulkarni, Ada Umińska, Joseph Gleason, Simon Barke, Reid Ferguson, Jose Sanjuán, Paul Fulda, and Guido Mueller. Ultrastable optical components using adjustable commercial mirror mounts anchored in a ule spacer. Applied optics, 59 (23): 6999–7003, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.395831. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.395831 [2] Zhen Zhang, Jingfeng Xiang, Yiming Meng, Wei Ren, Siminda Deng, and Desheng Lü. Design of a highly reliable and low-cost optical bench for laser cooling.
Optical Fiber Technology, 72: 102974, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2022.102974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2022.102974 [3] Svenja A Knappe, Hugh G Robinson, and Leo Hollberg. Microfabricated saturated absorption laser spectrometer. Optics express, 15 (10): 6293–6299, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.006293. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.006293 [4] Vincent Maurice, Zachary L Newman, Susannah Dickerson, Morgan Rivers, James Hsiao, Phillip Greene, Mark Mescher, John Kitching, Matthew T Hummon, and Cort Johnson. Miniaturized optical frequency reference for next-generation portable optical clocks. Optics Express, 28 (17): 24708–24720, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.396296. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.396296 [5] Aaron Strangfeld, Simon Kanthak, Max Schiemangk, Benjamin Wiegand, Andreas Wicht, Alexander Ling, and Markus Krutzik. Prototype of a compact rubidium-based optical frequency reference for operation on nanosatellites. JOSA B, 38 (6): 1885–1891, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.420875. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.420875 [6] gdsfactory. https://gdsfactory.github.io/gdsfactory/index.html. https://gdsfactory.github.io/gdsfactory/index.html [7] PyOpticL. https://github.com/UMassIonTrappers/PyOpticL. https://github.com/UMassIonTrappers/PyOpticL [8] FreeCAD: Your own 3D parametric modeler. https://www.freecad.org/. https://www.freecad.org/ [9] Grzegorz Kasprowicz, Paweł Kulik, Michal Gaska, Tomasz Przywozki, Krzysztof Pozniak, Jakub Jarosinski, Joseph W Britton, Thomas Harty, Chris Balance, Weida Zhang, et al. Artiq and sinara: Open software and hardware stacks for quantum physics. In Quantum 2.0, pages QTu8B–14.
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URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214860421000634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.101898 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214860421000634Cited by[1] Jiwon Wi, Taehee Kim, and Junki Kim, "Compact and robust optical frequency reference module based on reproducible and redistributable optical design", arXiv:2508.04103, (2025). The above citations are from SAO/NASA ADS (last updated successfully 2026-06-15 11:42:28). The list may be incomplete as not all publishers provide suitable and complete citation data.Could not fetch Crossref cited-by data during last attempt 2026-06-15 11:42:24: Could not fetch cited-by data for 10.22331/q-2026-06-15-2135 from Crossref. This is normal if the DOI was registered recently.This Paper is published in Quantum under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Copyright remains with the original copyright holders such as the authors or their institutions.