High-dimensional quantum communication with scalable photonic entanglement in time and frequency
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Quantum Physics arXiv:2603.18212 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 18 Mar 2026] Title:High-dimensional quantum communication with scalable photonic entanglement in time and frequency Authors:Kai-Chi Chang, Murat Can Sarihan, Nicky Kai Hong Li, Florian Kanitschar, Kemal Enes Akyuz, Yujie Chen, Dong-Il Lee, Jin Ho Kang, Alwaleed Aldhafeeri, Andrew Mueller, Matthew D. Shaw, Boris Korzh, Maria Spiropulu, Paul Erker, Marcus Huber, Chee Wei Wong View a PDF of the paper titled High-dimensional quantum communication with scalable photonic entanglement in time and frequency, by Kai-Chi Chang and 15 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:High-dimensional photonic entanglement holds significant promise for advancing quantum communication, computation, and metrology. For example, large-alphabet quantum communication protocols are known to benefit from enhanced noise resilience and information capacity via multi-bit time-bin encoding. Yet, characterizing high-dimensional entangled states is challenging, as full state tomography becomes prohibitively costly and often requires unrealizable measurements. Here, we demonstrate a scan-free method to characterize high-dimensional entanglement in the time-frequency domain. Our reconstruction achieves a record $5.70\pm0.07$ ebits and a fidelity of $65.4\pm0.4\%$ with the maximally entangled state of local dimension $1021$, certifying the presence of $668$-dimensional entanglement. We further prove the attainability of a secure key rate of $15.6$ kB/s in a composable finite-size, entanglement-based protocol, and show that in continuous operation, the setup can quickly approach asymptotic key rates. Using commercial telecom components and state-of-the-art low-jitter single-photon detectors, our scalable architecture offers a practical path towards high-rate, noise-resilient quantum communication testbeds. Comments: Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Optics (physics.optics) Cite as: arXiv:2603.18212 [quant-ph] (or arXiv:2603.18212v1 [quant-ph] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.18212 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Nicky Kai Hong Li [view email] [v1] Wed, 18 Mar 2026 19:00:00 UTC (4,310 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled High-dimensional quantum communication with scalable photonic entanglement in time and frequency, by Kai-Chi Chang and 15 other authorsView PDFHTML (experimental)TeX Source view license Current browse context: quant-ph new | recent | 2026-03 Change to browse by: physics physics.optics References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADSGoogle Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Loading... BibTeX formatted citation × loading... Data provided by: Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) Links to Code Toggle Papers with Code (What is Papers with Code?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)