Giant underground neutrino detector brings scientists closer to cracking the neutrino puzzle

Science News from research organizations Giant underground neutrino detector brings scientists closer to cracking the neutrino puzzle Date: June 12, 2026 Source: Chinese Academy of Sciences Headquarters Summary: Deep beneath the ground in China, the massive JUNO neutrino observatory has delivered its first major scientific breakthrough, achieving one of the most precise measurements yet of how elusive neutrinos change as they travel. Using just 59 days of data, researchers sharply improved measurements of key neutrino properties, boosting confidence that JUNO can tackle one of particle physics' biggest mysteries: determining the true mass hierarchy of neutrinos. Share: Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIN Email FULL STORY The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator neutrino experiment whose main goal is to act as a multipurpose observatory for neutrinos produced by artificial and natural sources. Credit: JUNO Collaboration The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) has achieved its first major scientific milestone. On June 10, Nature published the experiment's debut physics result as a cover article. Using 59 days of validated data collected between August 26 and November 2, 2025, the international JUNO Collaboration, led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, made highly precise measurements of two fundamental neutrino oscillation parameters. The analysis reduced the uncertainties in those measurements by a factor of 1.6 compared with the combined results from previous experiments conducted over several decades.

Why Neutrinos Matter Neutrinos are among the most mysterious particles in the universe. They carry no electric charge, have extremely small masses, and interact only weakly with matter. As a result, vast numbers of neutrinos pass through Earth, and even through our bodies, without leaving a trace. Because they are so difficult to detect, neutrinos remain the least understood of all known elementary particles. JUNO began collecting data in August 2025. One of its primary scientific goals is to determine the mass ordering of neutrinos. The experiment is also designed to measure three of the six neutrino mixing parameters with better than 1% precision and to study neutrinos produced by supernovae, Earth's interior, the Sun, the atmosphere, and other sources. Landmark Results for Neutrino Research The study received strong praise during peer review. The reviewer wrote: "These results not only validate the detector performance and analysis methodology but also establish JUNO as a key player in the emerging precision era of neutrino oscillation physics, with direct implications for tests of the three-flavor paradigm, global oscillation fits, and future determinations of the neutrino mass ordering." Nature also highlighted the work in a News & Views article, stating: "Understanding the behavior of neutrinos is paramount to developing a complete description of matter and forces at the smallest scale. This first analysis builds confidence that the detector will be able to determine the mass ordering. This first result from JUNO marks the dawn of the next era of precise neutrino oscillation measurements, and will provide insights into the properties of these mysterious fundamental particles." Earlier this year, in April, Chinese Physics C featured JUNO's detector performance on its cover. Prof. Arthur McDonald, who received the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of solar neutrino oscillation, commented on the publication: "JUNO has met its design objectives, achieving exceptional radiopurity, energy resolution, and detector stability. The experiment is fully operational and ready to pursue its ambitious physics goals, including determining the neutrino mass ordering (NMO), studying neutrino oscillation parameters, detecting neutrinos from various sources, and exploring physics beyond the Standard Model for Elementary Particles." Inside the Massive Underground Detector At the center of the JUNO experiment, located 700 meters underground, is a giant liquid scintillator detector with an effective mass of 20,000 tons. The detector sits within a water pool that is 44 meters deep. A stainless steel support structure measuring 41.1 meters in diameter holds a 35.4 meter acrylic sphere along with the liquid scintillator, 20,000 20-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), 25,600 3-inch PMTs, front-end electronics, cabling, anti-magnetic compensation coils, and optical panels. How JUNO Detects Neutrinos The detector's PMTs operate simultaneously to capture tiny flashes of scintillation light produced when neutrinos interact inside the detector. These light signals are then converted into electrical signals that researchers can analyze. By precisely measuring the energy of neutrinos during these interactions, JUNO can determine key oscillation parameters and investigate fundamental properties of these elusive particles.

More Discoveries Expected JUNO has now been operating smoothly for nine months. As the experiment continues to gather data, researchers expect to release a series of new scientific results beginning this summer. Those future findings could provide even deeper insights into the nature of neutrinos and help answer some of the most important questions in particle physics. RELATED TOPICS Matter & Energy Consumer Electronics Detectors Nature of Water Physics Quantum Physics Telecommunications Electricity Nanotechnology RELATED TERMS Neutrino Particle physics Nanoparticle Introduction to quantum mechanics Solar power Physics Mass Science Story Source: Materials provided by Chinese Academy of Sciences Headquarters. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Journal References: Angel Abusleme, Thomas Adam, Kai Adamowicz, David Adey, Shakeel Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmed, Timo Ahola, Sebastiano Aiello, Fengpeng An, Guangpeng An, Costas Andreopoulos, Giuseppe Andronico, João Pedro Athayde Marcondes de André, Nikolay Anfimov, Vito Antonelli, Tatiana Antoshkina, Burin Asavapibhop, Didier Auguste, Margherita Buizza Avanzini, Andrej Babic, Jingzhi Bai, Weidong Bai, Nikita Balashov, Roberto Barbera, Andrea Barresi, Davide Basilico, Eric Baussan, Beatrice Bellantonio, Marco Bellato, JeanLuc Beney, Marco Beretta, Antonio Bergnoli, Enrico Bernieri, Nikita Bessonov, David Biaré, Daniel Bick, Lukas Bieger, Svetlana Biktemerova, Thilo Birkenfeld, David Blum, Simon Blyth, Sara Boarin, Manuel Boehles, Anastasia Bolshakova, Mathieu Bongrand, Aurélie Bonhomme, Clément Bordereau, Matteo Borghesi, Augusto Brigatti, Timothee Brugiere, Riccardo Brugnera, Riccardo Bruno, Jonas Buchholz, Antonio Budano, Max Buesken, Mario Buscemi, Severino Bussino, Jose Busto, Ilya Butorov, Marcel Büchner, Anatael Cabrera, Barbara Caccianiga, Boshuai Cai, Hao Cai, Xiao Cai, Yanke Cai, Yi-zhou Cai, Zhiyan Cai, Stéphane Callier, Steven Calvez, Antonio Cammi, Agustin Campeny, Dechang Cai, Chuanya Cao, Dewen Cao, Guofu Cao, Jun Cao, Yaoqi Cao, Rossella Caruso, Aurelio Caslini, Cédric Cerna, Vanessa Cerrone, Daniele Cesini, Chi Chan, Jinfan Chang, Yun Chang, Milo Charavet, Tim Charissé, Auttakit Chatrabhuti, Chao Chen, Guoming Chen, Haitao Chen, Haotian Chen, Jiahui Chen, Jian Chen, Jing Chen, Junyou Chen, Lihao Chen, Mali Chen, Mingming Chen, Pingping Chen, Po-An Chen, Quanyou Chen, Shaomin Chen, Shenjian Chen, Shi Chen, Shiqiang Chen, Sisi Chen, Xin Chen, Xuan Chen, Xurong Chen, Yi-Wen Chen, Yiming Chen, Yixue Chen, Yu Chen, Ze Chen, Zelin Chen, Zhang Chen, Zhangming Chen, Zhiyuan Chen, Zhongchang Chen, Zikang Chen, Brian Cheng, Jie Cheng, Yaping Cheng, Yu Chin Cheng, Zhaokan Cheng, Alexander Chepurnov, Alexey Chetverikov, Davide Chiesa, Pietro Chimenti, Yen-Ting Chin, Pin-Jung Chiu, Po-Lin Chou, Ziliang Chu, Artem Chukanov, Neetu Raj Singh Chundawat, Anna Chuvashova, Gérard Claverie, Catia Clementi, Barbara Clerbaux, Claudio Coletta, Marta Colomer Molla, Flavio Dal Corso, Daniele Corti, Salvatore Costa, Simon Csakli, Chenyang Cui, Shanshan Cui, Lorenzo Vincenzo D’Auria, Olivia Dalager, Jaydeep Datta, Luis Delgadillo Franco, Jiawei Deng, Zhi Deng, Ziyan Deng, Wilfried Depnering, Hanna Didenko, Xiaoyu Ding, Xuefeng Ding, Yayun Ding, Bayu Dirgantara, Carsten Dittrich, Sergey Dmitrievsky, David Doerflinger, Tadeas Dohnal, Maria Dolgareva, Dmitry Dolzhikov, Chuanshi Dong, Haojie Dong, Jianmeng Dong, Lan Dong, Damien Dornic, Evgeny Doroshkevich, Wei Dou, Marcos Dracos, Olivier Drapier, Tobias Drohmann, Frédéric Druillole, Ran Du, Shuxian Du, Yujie Duan, Katherine Dugas, Stefano Dusini, Hongyue Duyang, Martin Dvorak, Jessica Eck, Timo Enqvist, Heike Enzmann, Andrea Fabbri, Ulrike Fahrendholz, Lukas Fajt, Donghua Fan, Lei Fan, Liangqianjin Fan, Can Fang, Jian Fang, Wenxing Fang, Marco Fargetta, Elia Stanescu Farilla, Anna Fatkina, Laurent Favart, Dmitry Fedoseev, Zhengyong Fei, Franz von Feilitzsch, Vladko Fekete, Li-Cheng Feng, Qichun Feng, Shaoting Feng, Giovanni Ferrante, Federico Ferraro, Daniela Fetzer, Giovanni Fiorentini, Andrey Formozov, Marcellin Fotzé, Amélie Fournier, Sabrina Franke, Arran Freegard, Florian Fritsch, Ying Fu, Haonan Gan, Feng Gao, Ruixuan Gao, Ruohan Gao, Shijiao Gao, Alberto Garfagnini, Gerard Gaudiot, Arsenii Gavrikov, Raphaël Gazzini, Christoph Genster, Diwash Ghimire, Marco Giammarchi, Agnese Giaz, Gianfranco Giordano, Nunzio Giudice, Franco Giuliani, Alexandre S. Göttel, Maxim Gonchar, Guanda Gong, Guanghua Gong, Hui Gong, Michel Gonin, Oleg Gorchakov, Yuri Gornushkin, Marco Grassi, Christian Grewing, Maxim Gromov, Vasily Gromov, Minhao Gu, Xiaofei Gu, Yu Gu, Mengyun Guan, Yuduo Guan, Nunzio Guardone, Rosa Maria Guizzetti, Cong Guo, Jingyuan Guo, Wanlei Guo, Yuhang Guo, Paul Hackspacher, Caren Hagner, Hechong Han, Ran Han, Xiao Han, Yang Han, Ziguo Han, Chuanhui Hao, Jiajun Hao, Vidhya Thara Hariharan, JinCheng He, Jinhong He, Miao He, Mingtao He, Wei He, Xinhai He, Ziou He, Tobias Heinz, Dominikus Hellgartner, Patrick Hellmuth, Shilin Heng, Yuekun Heng, Rafael Herrera, Daojin Hong, YuenKeung Hor, Shaojing Hou, Zhilong Hou, Fatima Houria, Yee Hsiung, Bei-Zhen Hu, Hang Hu, Hao Hu, Jianrun Hu, Jun Hu, Peng Hu, Tao Hu, Wei Hu, Yuxiang Hu, Zhuojun Hu, Chunhao Huang, Guihong Huang, Hanyu Huang, Hexiang Huang, Jinhao Huang, Junlin Huang, Junting Huang, Kairui Huang, Kaixuan Huang, Qinhua Huang, Shengheng Huang, Tao Huang, Wenhao Huang, Xiaozhong Huang, Xin Huang, Xingtao Huang, Yongbo Huang, Lian-Chen Huang, Jiaqi Hui, Lei Huo, Cédric Huss, Safeer Hussain, Leonard Imbert, Antonio Insolia, Ara Ioannisian, Daniel Ioannisyan, Ammad Ul Islam, Roberto Isocrate, Adrienne Jacobi, Arshak Jafar, Beatrice Jelmini, Kuo-Lun Jen, Ignacio Jeria, Soeren Jetter, Xiangpan Ji, Xiaolu Ji, Xingzhao Ji, Huihui Jia, Junji Jia, Yi Jia, Cailian Jiang, Chengbo Jiang, Guangzheng Jiang, Junjie Jiang, Wei Jiang, Xiaoshan Jiang, Xiaozhao Jiang, Yijian Jiang, Yixuan Jiang, Yue Jiang, Ruyi Jin, Shuzhu Jin, Xiaoping Jing, Cécile Jollet, Liam Jones, Jari Joutsenvaara, Sirichok Jungthawan, Philipp Kampmann, Markus Kaiser, Leonidas Kalousis, Bowen Kan, Li Kang, Michael Karagounis, Rebin Karaparambil, Matej Karas, Narine Kazarian, Amir Khan, Amina Khatun, Khanchai Khosonthongkee, Florian Kiel, Patrick Kinz, Denis Korablev, Konstantin Kouzakov, Alexey Krasnoperov, Zinovy Krumshteyn, Andre Kruth, Tim Kuhlbusch, Sergey Kuleshov, Sindhujha Kumaran, Chun-Hao Kuo, Nikolay Kutovskiy, Pasi Kuusiniemi, Loïc Labit, Tobias Lachenmaier, Haojing Lai, ToUyen LamThi, Philipp Landgraf, Cecilia Landini, Lorenzo Lastrucci, Fedor Lazarev, Sébastien Leblanc, Victor Lebrin, Matthieu Lecocq, Priscilla Lecomte, Frederic Lefevre, Liping Lei, Ruiting Lei, Xiangcui Lei, Rupert Leitner, Petr Lenskii, Jason Leung, Bo Li, Chao Li, Daozheng Li, Demin Li, Dian Li, Fei Li, Fule Li, Gaoshuang Li, Gaosong Li, Haitao Li, Hongjian Li, Huang Li, Huiling Li, Jiajun Li, Jiaqi Li, Jin Li, Kaijie Li, Meiou Li, Mengzhao Li, Min Li, Nan Li, Qingjiang Li, Quanlin Li, Ruhui Li, Rui Li, Shanfeng Li, Shuaijie Li, Shuo Li, Tao Li, Teng Li, Weidong Li, Weiguo Li, Xiaomei Li, Xiaonan Li, Xiwen Li, Xinying Li, Yang Li, Yawen Li, Yi Li, Yichen Li, Yifan Li, Yingke Li, Yuanxia Li, Yufeng Li, Zepeng Li, Zhaohan Li, Zhibing Li, Zhiwei Li, Zi-Ming Li, Ziyuan Li, Zonghai Li, An-An Liang, Jing Liang, Jingjing Liang, Jiajun Liao, Minghua Liao, Yilin Liao, Yuzhong Liao, Daniel Liebau, Ayut Limphirat, Sukit Limpijumnong, Bo-Chun Lin, Guey-Lin Lin, Jiming Lin, Shengxin Lin, Tao Lin, Xianhao Lin, Xingyi Lin, Yen-Hsun Lin, Jiacheng Ling, Jiajie Ling, Xin Ling, Ivano Lippi, Caimei Liu, Fang Liu, Fengcheng Liu, Gang Liu, Haidong Liu, Haotian Liu, Hongbang Liu, Hongjuan Liu, Hongtao Liu, Hongyang Liu, Hu Liu, Hui Liu, Jianglai Liu, Jianli Liu, Jiaxi Liu, Jin’gao Liu, Jinchang Liu, Jinyan Liu, Kainan Liu, Lei Liu, Libing Liu, Mengchao Liu, Menglan Liu, Min Liu, Qishan Liu, Qian Liu, Qin Liu, Runxuan Liu, Shenghui Liu, Shuangyu Liu, Shubing Liu, Shulin Liu, Wanjin Liu, Xiaowei Liu, Ximing Liu, Xinkang Liu, Xiwen Liu, Xuewei Liu, Yan Liu, Yankai Liu, Yin Liu, Yiqi Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Yuexiang Liu, Yunzhe Liu, Zhen Liu, Zhipeng Liu, Zhuo Liu, Domenico Lo Presti, Salvatore Loffredo, Lorenzo Loi, Paolo Lombardi, Claudio Lombardo, Yongbing Long, Fabio Longhitano, Kai Loo, Sebastian Lorenz, Selma Conforti Di Lorenzo, Chuan Lu, Fan Lu, Haoqi Lu, Jiashu Lu, Junguang Lu, Meishu Lu, Peizhi Lu, Shuxiang Lu, Xianghui Lu, Xianguo Lu, Xiaoxu Lu, Xiaoying Lu, Bayarto Lubsandorzhiev, Sultim Lubsandorzhiev, Livia Ludhova, Arslan Lukanov, Daibin Luo, Fengjiao Luo, Guang Luo, Jianyi Luo, Pengwei Luo, Shu Luo, Tao Luo, Wuming Luo, Xiaojie Luo, Xiaolan Luo, Zhipeng Lv, Vladimir Lyashuk, Bangzheng Ma, Bing Ma, Na Ma, Qiumei Ma, Si Ma, Wing Yan Ma, Xiaoyan Ma, Xubo Ma, Santi Maensiri, Jingyu Mai, Romain Maisonobe, Marco Malabarba, Yury Malyshkin, Roberto Carlos Mandujano, Fabio Mantovani, Xin Mao, Yajun Mao, Stefano M. 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Chengfeng 成峰 Yang 杨, Dikun 迪琨 Yang 杨, Dingyong 定勇 Yang 杨, Fengfan 冯帆 Yang 杨, Haibo Yang, Huan Yang, Jie 洁 Yang 杨, Jize Yang, Kaiwei 开为 Yang 杨, Lei 雷 Yang 杨, Mengting Yang, Pengfei Yang, Xiaoyu 晓宇 Yang 杨, Xuhui 旭晖 Yang 杨, Yi 艺 Yang 杨, Yichen 翊宸 Yang 杨, Yifan 一帆 Yang 杨, Yixiang 逸翔 Yang 杨, Yujiao Yang, Yuzhen Yang, Zekun 泽坤 Yang 杨, Haifeng 海峰 Yao 姚, Li 莉 Yao 姚, Jiaxuan 佳璇 Ye 叶, Mei 梅 Ye 叶, Xingchen 星辰 Ye 叶, Ziping 子平 Ye 叶, Ugur Yegin, Frédéric Yermia, Peihuai Yi, Rattikorn Yimnirun, Jilong 纪龙 Yin 尹, Na Yin, Weiqing 维卿 Yin 尹, Xiangwei Yin, Xiaohao 小豪 Yin 尹, Sivaram Yogathasan, Zhengyun 郑昀 You 尤, Boxiang 伯祥 Yu 俞, Chiye 炽业 Yu 余, Chunxu 纯旭 Yu 喻, Guangyou Yu, Guojun Yu, Hongzhao 泓钊 Yu 余, Miao 淼 Yu 于, Peidong 佩东 Yu 于, Simi 思蜜 Yu 禹, Xianghui 向辉 Yu 于, Yang Yu, Zeyuan 泽源 Yu 于, Zezhong 泽众 Yu 于, Cenxi 岑溪 Yuan 袁, Chengzhuo 成卓 Yuan 袁, Zhaoyang 朝阳 Yuan 袁, Zhenxiong 振雄 Yuan 袁, Ziyi 子奕 Yuan 袁, Baobiao Yue, Noman Zafar, André Zambanini, Jilberto Zamora, Matteo Zanetti, Vitalii Zavadskyi, Fanrui 凡蕊 Zeng 曾, Pan Zeng, Shan 珊 Zeng 曾, Tingxuan 婷轩 Zeng 曾, Yuda Zeng, Yujie 宇杰 Zeng 曾, Liang 亮 Zhan 占, Aiqiang 爱强 Zhang 张, Bin 斌 Zhang 张, Binting 斌婷 Zhang 张, Chengcai Zhang, Enze 恩泽 Zhang 张, Feiyang 飞洋 Zhang 张, Guoqing Zhang, Haiqiong Zhang, Han 涵 Zhang 张, Hangchang 航畅 Zhang 张, Haosen 豪森 Zhang 张, Honghao 宏浩 Zhang 张, Hongmei 红梅 Zhang 张, Jialiang 家梁 Zhang 张, Jiawen 家文 Zhang 张, Jie 杰 Zhang 张, Jin Zhang, Jingbo 景波 Zhang 张, Jinnan Zhang, Junwei 峻玮 Zhang 张, Kun Zhang, Lei 雷 Zhang 张, Mingxuan Zhang, Mohan Zhang, Peng Zhang, Ping Zhang, Qingmin 清民 Zhang 张, Rongping 荣凭 Zhang 张, Rui Zhang, Shaoping Zhang, Shiqi 石其 Zhang 张, Shu Zhang, Shuihan 水涵 Zhang 张, Siyuan 思远 Zhang 张, Tao 涛 Zhang 张, Xiaofeng Zhang, Xiaomei 晓梅 Zhang 张, Xin 鑫 Zhang 张, Xu 叙 Zhang 张, Xuan Zhang, Xuantong 玄同 Zhang 张, Xuesong Zhang, Xueyao Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yibing 依兵 Zhang 张, Yinhong 银鸿 Zhang 张, Yiyu 易于 Zhang 张, Yizhou Zhang, Yongjie Zhang, Yongpeng 永鹏 Zhang 张, Yu 宇 Zhang 张, Yuanyuan 圆圆 Zhang 张, Yue 越 Zhang 张, Yueyuan 月元 Zhang 张, Yumei 玉美 Zhang 张, Yuning Zhang, Zhenyu 振宇 Zhang 张, Zhicheng 志诚 Zhang 张, Zhijian 志坚 Zhang 张, Zhixuan 智轩 Zhang 张, Baoqi Zhao, Fengyi Zhao, Jie 洁 Zhao 赵, Liang 亮 Zhao 赵, Mei Zhao, Rong Zhao, Runze 润泽 Zhao 赵, Shujun 书俊 Zhao 赵, Tianchi Zhao, Tianhao 天灏 Zhao 赵, Yubin Zhao, Dongqin Zheng, Hua 华 Zheng 郑, Xiangyu Zheng, Yangheng 阳恒 Zheng 郑, Weili Zhong, Weirong Zhong, Albert Zhou, Guorong Zhou, Li 莉 Zhou 周, Lishui 丽水 Zhou 周, Min 敏 Zhou 周, Shun 顺 Zhou 周, Tong 彤 Zhou 周, Xiang 详 Zhou 周, Xing 星 Zhou 周, Yan Zhou, Haiwen 海文 Zhu 朱, Jiang Zhu, Jingsen 景森 Zhu 朱, Jingyu Zhu, Kangfu 康甫 Zhu 朱, Kejun 科军 Zhu 朱, Zhihang 志航 Zhu 朱, Ivan Zhutikov, Bo 博 Zhuang 庄, Honglin 红林 Zhuang 庄, Liang 亮 Zong 宗, Jiaheng 佳恒 Zou 邹, Sebastian Zwickel, Jan Züfle, (JUNO Collaboration). Initial performance results of the JUNO detector*. Chinese Physics C, 2026; 50 (4): 043001 DOI: 10.1088/1674-1137/ae3dc1 Cite This Page: MLA APA Chicago Chinese Academy of Sciences Headquarters. "Giant underground neutrino detector brings scientists closer to cracking the neutrino puzzle." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 12 June 2026. . Chinese Academy of Sciences Headquarters. (2026, June 12). Giant underground neutrino detector brings scientists closer to cracking the neutrino puzzle. ScienceDaily. Retrieved June 12, 2026 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260612032026.htm Chinese Academy of Sciences Headquarters. "Giant underground neutrino detector brings scientists closer to cracking the neutrino puzzle." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260612032026.htm (accessed June 12, 2026). Explore More from ScienceDaily RELATED STORIES Physicists Thought This Mystery Particle Could Explain Everything.

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