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Experimental Implementation of the Quantum Volunteer's Dilemma on NISQ Hardware: Noise Analysis and Digital-Twin Validation

arXiv Quantum Physics
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⚡ Quantum Brief
Researchers experimentally implemented the multiplayer Quantum Volunteer’s Dilemma on IBM’s NISQ hardware (ibm_kingston) using Qiskit Runtime, testing 2–9 players with readout error correction. Fidelity exceeded 70% for up to 9 players post-correction, while global payoffs matched quantum theory for ≤6 players and surpassed classical Nash equilibria across all tested cases. Optimization level 2 proved optimal after analysis showed it matched level 3’s gate count but offered better fidelity stability, using 20 repetitions and 2048 shots per circuit. Error analysis revealed single-qubit errors dominate small systems (N≤6), while multi-qubit errors grow significant beyond 6 players, impacting scalability. A digital twin replicated payoff trends but failed to capture hardware’s nonlinear fidelity decay, highlighting limitations of per-qubit noise models in large-scale simulations.
Experimental Implementation of the Quantum Volunteer's Dilemma on NISQ Hardware: Noise Analysis and Digital-Twin Validation

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Quantum Physics arXiv:2605.30676 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 29 May 2026] Title:Experimental Implementation of the Quantum Volunteer's Dilemma on NISQ Hardware: Noise Analysis and Digital-Twin Validation Authors:Germán D. Díaz Agreda, Jhon Alejandro Andrade Hoyos, Carlos A. Durán Paredes, Sebastián Cajas Ordoñez, Noah Dane Hebdon, Siong Thye Goh, Dax Enshan Koh View a PDF of the paper titled Experimental Implementation of the Quantum Volunteer's Dilemma on NISQ Hardware: Noise Analysis and Digital-Twin Validation, by Germ\'an D. D\'iaz Agreda and 6 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:We present an experimental implementation of the multiplayer Quantum Volunteer's Dilemma on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) hardware, executed on the ibm_kingston backend via Qiskit Runtime. The game is evaluated for N = 2 to 9 players under four transpiler optimization levels, with 20 independent repetitions per configuration and 2048 shots per circuit, including post-processing readout error correction via mthree. Target-state fidelity decays with system size but remains above 70% (corrected) through N = 9. With readout correction, the global average payoff reproduces the quantum theoretical benchmark exactly for N new | recent | 2026-05 References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADSGoogle Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Loading... BibTeX formatted citation × loading... Data provided by: Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)

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Source: arXiv Quantum Physics