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Enhancing Long-distance Continuous-variable Quantum-key-distribution with an Error-correcting Relay

S. Nibedita Swain, Ryan J. Marshman, Josephine Dias, Alexander S. Solntsev, Timothy C. Ralph
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⚡ Quantum Brief
Researchers from the University of Queensland and collaborators proposed a hybrid protocol combining noiseless linear amplifiers (NLAs) with unitary averaging to extend continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) beyond the repeaterless bound. The breakthrough merges two techniques—NLAs to counteract thermal-loss effects and unitary averaging to suppress phase noise—enabling secure long-distance quantum communication under realistic conditions, including imperfect reconciliation efficiency. This approach overcomes the fundamental rate-distance limit for repeaterless systems, a critical barrier in quantum networks, by mitigating both stochastic and deterministic noise sources simultaneously. The team’s theoretical framework demonstrates feasibility even with non-ideal hardware, addressing practical challenges in deploying CV-QKD over fiber-optic infrastructure. The work, published in December 2025, advances toward scalable quantum-secure networks by integrating error correction into quantum relays without requiring full quantum repeaters.
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Quantum Physics arXiv:2512.11224 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 12 Dec 2025] Title:Enhancing Long-distance Continuous-variable Quantum-key-distribution with an Error-correcting Relay Authors:S. Nibedita Swain, Ryan J. Marshman, Josephine Dias, Alexander S. Solntsev, Timothy C. Ralph View a PDF of the paper titled Enhancing Long-distance Continuous-variable Quantum-key-distribution with an Error-correcting Relay, by S. Nibedita Swain and 4 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Noiseless linear amplifiers (NLAs) serve as an effective means to enable long-distance continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD), even under realistic conditions with non-unit reconciliation efficiency. Separately, unitary averaging has been suggested to mitigate some stochastic noise, including phase noise in continuous-variable states. In this work, we combine these two protocols to simultaneously compensate for thermal-loss effects and suppress phase noise, thereby enabling long-distance CV QKD that surpasses the repeaterless bound, the fundamental rate-distance limit, for repeaterless quantum communication systems. Comments: Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:2512.11224 [quant-ph] (or arXiv:2512.11224v1 [quant-ph] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2512.11224 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: S Nibedita Swain [view email] [v1] Fri, 12 Dec 2025 02:08:11 UTC (3,331 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Enhancing Long-distance Continuous-variable Quantum-key-distribution with an Error-correcting Relay, by S. Nibedita Swain and 4 other authorsView PDFHTML (experimental)TeX Source view license Current browse context: quant-ph new | recent | 2025-12 References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADSGoogle Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Loading... BibTeX formatted citation × loading... Data provided by: Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) Links to Code Toggle Papers with Code (What is Papers with Code?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)

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