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Efficient training of photonic quantum generative models

arXiv Quantum Physics
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⚡ Quantum Brief
Researchers propose a novel method for training photonic quantum generative models using classical simulations, leveraging quantum linear optics to bridge classical training with quantum deployment via boson sampling. The study introduces a maximum mean discrepancy-based training procedure, enabling efficient classical simulation of intermediate-complexity photonic circuits while reserving quantum advantage for sampling tasks. Numerical results validate the approach, demonstrating its feasibility across proposed datasets and highlighting how initialization strategies and ansatz design impact performance. The hybrid "train-on-classical, deploy-on-quantum" framework reduces hardware demands during training, addressing a key bottleneck in quantum machine learning scalability. Findings suggest photonic systems could accelerate generative modeling by exploiting classical-quantum synergies, particularly in tasks requiring complex probability distributions.
Efficient training of photonic quantum generative models

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Quantum Physics arXiv:2603.08793 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 9 Mar 2026] Title:Efficient training of photonic quantum generative models Authors:Felix Gottlieb, Rawad Mezher, Brian Ventura, Shane Mansfield, Alexia Salavrakos View a PDF of the paper titled Efficient training of photonic quantum generative models, by Felix Gottlieb and 4 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:The topic of generative learning has gained traction within the field of quantum machine learning, in particular with the advent of train-on-classical, deploy-on-quantum methods. This approach exploits the properties of intermediate-complexity circuits whose training can be simulated classically efficiently, but that generally require quantum hardware for the corresponding sampling problem. Quantum linear optics possess similar properties, which allows us to propose an efficient training procedure for photon-native quantum generative models based on the maximum mean discrepancy, where the deployment of the model corresponds to the task of boson sampling. We provide numerical results, propose datasets, and we also explore how initialization strategies and ansatz choice affect the training. Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:2603.08793 [quant-ph] (or arXiv:2603.08793v1 [quant-ph] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.08793 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Alexia Salavrakos [view email] [v1] Mon, 9 Mar 2026 18:00:11 UTC (128 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Efficient training of photonic quantum generative models, by Felix Gottlieb and 4 other authorsView PDFHTML (experimental)TeX Source view license Current browse context: quant-ph new | recent | 2026-03 References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADSGoogle Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Loading... BibTeX formatted citation × loading... Data provided by: Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) Links to Code Toggle Papers with Code (What is Papers with Code?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)

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photonic-quantum
quantum-machine-learning
government-funding
quantum-hardware

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Source: arXiv Quantum Physics