Comparing the performance of practical two-qubit gates for individual $^{171}$Yb ions in yttrium orthovanadate
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AbstractIn this paper, we investigate three schemes for implementing Controlled-Z (CZ) gates between individual ytterbium (Yb) rare-earth ions doped into yttrium orthovanadate (YVO$_4$ or YVO). Specifically, we investigate the CZ gates based on magnetic dipolar interactions between Yb ions, photon scattering off a cavity, and a photon interference-based protocol, with and without an optical cavity. We introduce a theoretical framework for precise computations of state and gate infidelities, accounting for noise effects. We then compute the state fidelity for each scheme to evaluate the feasibility of their experimental implementation. Based on these results, we compare the performance of the two-qubit gate schemes and discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages. We conclude that the probabilistic photon interference-based scheme offers the best fidelity scaling with cooperativity and is superior with the current technology of Yb values, while photon scattering is nearly deterministic but slower with less favourable fidelity scaling as a function of cooperativity. The cavityless magnetic dipolar scheme provides a fast, deterministic gate with decent fidelities if close ion localization can be realized. While focusing on $^{171}$Yb$^{3+}$:YVO system as a case study, the theoretical tools and approaches developed in this work are broadly applicable to other spin qubit systems.Popular summaryQuantum computers require high-quality two-qubit gates, but in practice these gates are always affected by imperfections from the underlying physical platform. In this work, we compare several realistic two-qubit gate proposals for individual $^{171}$Yb$^{3+}$ ions embedded in yttrium orthovanadate (YVO), a promising solid-state system for quantum technologies. We develop a perturbative analytical framework that allows us to analyze and compare different gate schemes. For each scheme, we identify the dominant error sources and determine how the gate fidelity scales with the relevant system parameters.► BibTeX data@article{Karimi2026comparing, doi = {10.22331/q-2026-04-21-2075}, url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-04-21-2075}, title = {Comparing the performance of practical two-qubit gates for individual {$^{171}$}Yb ions in yttrium orthovanadate}, author = {Karimi, Mahsa and Asadi, Faezeh Kimiaee and Wein, Stephen C. and Simon, Christoph}, journal = {{Quantum}}, issn = {2521-327X}, publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}}, volume = {10}, pages = {2075}, month = apr, year = {2026} }► References [1] Thomas Jennewein, Gregor Weihs, Jian-Wei Pan, and Anton Zeilinger. Experimental nonlocality proof of quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping. Physical review letters, 88(1):017903, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.017903. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.017903 [2] Nicolas Sangouard, Christoph Simon, Hugues De Riedmatten, and Nicolas Gisin. Quantum repeaters based on atomic ensembles and linear optics. Reviews of Modern Physics, 83(1):33, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.83.33. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.83.33 [3] David Elieser Deutsch. Quantum computational networks. Proceedings of the royal society of London. A. mathematical and physical sciences, 425(1868):73–90, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1989.0099. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1989.0099 [4] Michael A. Nielsen and Isaac L. Chuang. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information.
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Advances in Physics: X, 2(3):784–888, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/23746149.2017.1343097. https://doi.org/10.1080/23746149.2017.1343097Cited byCould not fetch Crossref cited-by data during last attempt 2026-04-21 08:40:26: Could not fetch cited-by data for 10.22331/q-2026-04-21-2075 from Crossref. This is normal if the DOI was registered recently. Could not fetch ADS cited-by data during last attempt 2026-04-21 08:40:26: No response from ADS or unable to decode the received json data when getting the list of citing works.This Paper is published in Quantum under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Copyright remains with the original copyright holders such as the authors or their institutions. AbstractIn this paper, we investigate three schemes for implementing Controlled-Z (CZ) gates between individual ytterbium (Yb) rare-earth ions doped into yttrium orthovanadate (YVO$_4$ or YVO). Specifically, we investigate the CZ gates based on magnetic dipolar interactions between Yb ions, photon scattering off a cavity, and a photon interference-based protocol, with and without an optical cavity. We introduce a theoretical framework for precise computations of state and gate infidelities, accounting for noise effects. We then compute the state fidelity for each scheme to evaluate the feasibility of their experimental implementation. Based on these results, we compare the performance of the two-qubit gate schemes and discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages. We conclude that the probabilistic photon interference-based scheme offers the best fidelity scaling with cooperativity and is superior with the current technology of Yb values, while photon scattering is nearly deterministic but slower with less favourable fidelity scaling as a function of cooperativity. The cavityless magnetic dipolar scheme provides a fast, deterministic gate with decent fidelities if close ion localization can be realized. While focusing on $^{171}$Yb$^{3+}$:YVO system as a case study, the theoretical tools and approaches developed in this work are broadly applicable to other spin qubit systems.Popular summaryQuantum computers require high-quality two-qubit gates, but in practice these gates are always affected by imperfections from the underlying physical platform. In this work, we compare several realistic two-qubit gate proposals for individual $^{171}$Yb$^{3+}$ ions embedded in yttrium orthovanadate (YVO), a promising solid-state system for quantum technologies. We develop a perturbative analytical framework that allows us to analyze and compare different gate schemes. For each scheme, we identify the dominant error sources and determine how the gate fidelity scales with the relevant system parameters.► BibTeX data@article{Karimi2026comparing, doi = {10.22331/q-2026-04-21-2075}, url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-04-21-2075}, title = {Comparing the performance of practical two-qubit gates for individual {$^{171}$}Yb ions in yttrium orthovanadate}, author = {Karimi, Mahsa and Asadi, Faezeh Kimiaee and Wein, Stephen C. and Simon, Christoph}, journal = {{Quantum}}, issn = {2521-327X}, publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}}, volume = {10}, pages = {2075}, month = apr, year = {2026} }► References [1] Thomas Jennewein, Gregor Weihs, Jian-Wei Pan, and Anton Zeilinger. Experimental nonlocality proof of quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping. 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