Assessing System Capabilities and Bottlenecks of an Early Fault-Tolerant Bicycle Architecture
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Quantum Physics arXiv:2604.20013 (quant-ph) [Submitted on 21 Apr 2026] Title:Assessing System Capabilities and Bottlenecks of an Early Fault-Tolerant Bicycle Architecture Authors:Kun Liu, Ben Foxman, Gian-Luca R. Anselmetti, Yongshan Ding View a PDF of the paper titled Assessing System Capabilities and Bottlenecks of an Early Fault-Tolerant Bicycle Architecture, by Kun Liu and 3 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Early modular fault tolerant quantum computers remain constrained by costly inter-module communication and limited magic state factory service. Understanding such bottlenecks and investigating compiler optimizations most close the gap between algorithm requirements and hardware capabilities is a concrete and practically urgent systems problem. We study the modular architectures based on Bivariate Bicycle codes and identify the dominant bottleneck: inter-module communication induced by non-Clifford operations. We build a compilation pipeline to fill the missing parts of prior works and propose compiler optimizations: synthesizing arbitrary-angle rotations at the factory (syn@fac), transvection based Clifford deferral, and Clifford insertion for critical path duration reduction. We extend the evaluation scope of the prior work to 40+ benchmark categories drawn from PennyLane and MQTBench, including quantum algorithms and Hamiltonian simulations with varying sizes. Under the present instruction cost, syn@fac reduces estimated circuit failure probability by a factor of 9.0 on average across non-Clifford benchmarks. The robustness persists across sweeps of instruction cost ratios, LPU count, and factory count. Besides, transvection reduces Clifford deferral compile time by 77.04\%, while Clifford insertion reduces end-to-end circuit duration by 11.54\% on average on MQTBench, with smaller gains on Hamiltonian simulations. We hope this work inspires the studies on compiler optimizations for early modular FTQC systems. Comments: Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:2604.20013 [quant-ph] (or arXiv:2604.20013v1 [quant-ph] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.20013 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history From: Kun Liu [view email] [v1] Tue, 21 Apr 2026 21:43:03 UTC (1,340 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Assessing System Capabilities and Bottlenecks of an Early Fault-Tolerant Bicycle Architecture, by Kun Liu and 3 other authorsView PDFHTML (experimental)TeX Source view license Current browse context: quant-ph new | recent | 2026-04 References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADSGoogle Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Loading... BibTeX formatted citation × loading... Data provided by: Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)